Learning from Informal Settlements in Iran Models, Policies, Process
This book explores the tenacity of Iran’s informal settlements against the backdrop of the World Bank’s USD 80 million loan for physical upgrading. Arefi seeks to identify and unravel the distinctive models, policies, processes, and outcomes associated wi
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Learning from Informal Settlements in Iran Models, Policies, Processes, and Outcomes
Learning from Informal Settlements in Iran
Mahyar Arefi
Learning from Informal Settlements in Iran Models, Policies, Processes, and Outcomes
Mahyar Arefi Department of Planning and Landscape Architecture University of Texas at Arlington Arlington, TX, USA
ISBN 978-3-319-78407-6 ISBN 978-3-319-78408-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78408-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018937864 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover photo: © Mahyar Arefi Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
The World Bank’s loan to the Iranian government in 2004 has stimulated a new policymaking discourse surrounding the enablement of informal settlement residents. Some view this loan as a new opportunity to revamp the previous ineffective policies that worked against the welfare of low-income people. Others, however, view it not as a financial impetus for welfare development per se, but as a new rhetoric that has enriched the conventional condescending and blaming the victim mentality of decision-makers toward low-income people. Notwithstanding these divergent views, the loan was granted for a period of five years with the possibility of extension for seven more years. The Iranian government discontinued the second phase and, instead, decided to unilaterally pursue and capitalize on the outcomes achieved during its first phase. Exploring the legacy of the World Bank’s enablement initiative in Iran, the following represents the four broad themes that emerged from the collected data on i
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