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Encyclopedia of Language and Education VOLUME 1: LANGUAGE POLICY AND POLITICAL ISSUES IN EDUCATION

General Editor Nancy H. Hornberger, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA

Editorial Advisory Board Neville Alexander, University of Cape Town, South Africa Colin Baker, University of Wales, UK Marilda Cavalcanti, UNICAMP, Brazil Caroline Clapham, University of Lancaster, UK Bronwyn Davies, University of Western Sydney, Australia Viv Edwards, University of Reading, UK Frederick Erickson, University of California at Los Angeles, USA Joseph Lo Bianco, University of Melbourne, Australia Luis Enrique Lopez, University of San Simon, Bolivia Allan Luke, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Tove Skutnabb-Kangas, Roskilde University, Denmark Bernard Spolsky, Bar-Ilan University, Israel G. Richard Tucker, Carnegie Mellon University, USA Leo van Lier, Monterey Institute of International Studies, USA Terrence G. Wiley, Arizona State University, USA Ruth Wodak, University of Vienna, Austria Ana Celia Zentella, University of California at San Diego, USA

The volume titles of this encyclopedia are listed at the end of this volume.

Encyclopedia of Language and Education Volume 1

LANGUAGE POLICY AND POLITICAL ISSUES IN EDUCATION Edited by STEPHEN MAY University of Waikato School of Education New Zealand and NANCY H. HORNBERGER University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education USA

Volume Editors: Stephen May 1962– University of Waikato School of Education Hamilton 3240 New Zealand [email protected] Nancy H. Hornberger University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education Philadelphia, PA 19104-6216 USA [email protected] General Editor: Nancy H. Hornberger University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education Philadelphia, PA 19104-6216 USA [email protected]

Library of Congress Control Number: 2007925265 ISBN-13: 978-0-387-32875-1 The electronic version will be available under ISBN 978-0-387-30424-3 The print and electronic bundle will be available under ISBN 978-0-387-35420-0 Printed on acid-free paper. # 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. 9876543210 springer.com

TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME 1: LANGUAGE POLICY AND POLITICAL ISSUES IN EDUCATION

General Editor’s Introduction Nancy H. Hornberger

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Introduction to Volume 1: Language Policy and Political Issues in Educati