Genes of Cuticular Proteins and Their Regulation
In this chapter, recent development of the analysis of cuticular protein (CP) genes and the regulation of their expression are covered. Genomic analysis and annotation of CP genes have elucidated the overall number and kind of CP gene. The nomenclature an
- PDF / 550,230 Bytes
- 28 Pages / 439.37 x 666.14 pts Page_size
- 82 Downloads / 202 Views
Genes of Cuticular Proteins and Their Regulation Hideki Kawasaki
Abstract In this chapter, recent development of the analysis of cuticular protein (CP) genes and the regulation of their expression are covered. Genomic analysis and annotation of CP genes have elucidated the overall number and kind of CP gene. The nomenclature and structure of cuticle layers are described first. The factors that regulate CP gene expression are described next. Expression of CP genes is regulated mainly by ecdysone responsive transcription factors (ERTFs). Ecdysone activates target ERTFs through its receptor complex. ERTFs interaction determines the expression pattern of themselves, resulting in the induction of their target genes. Ecdysone is known also to trigger chromatin remodeling by recruiting chromatin-remodeling factors that act by chromatin loosening. Juvenile hormone affects the type of cuticle layers through BR-C and HR38 and determines the type of CPs. Recent genomic analysis has generated new findings for the cuticle research. Annotation enabled to specify the kinds and number of all cuticular proteins. Now we can discuss cuticular layers depending on the classical studies. Genomic, proteomic and transcriptomic analysis brought about new findings. Clustering CP genes have been identified in several insects. Overall expression, its regulation, binding site analysis, genomic structure of CP genes, regulation of larval, pupal adult CP layers were described.
1.1 1.1.1
Recent Classification of Cuticular Proteins and the Construction of Cuticular Layers Recent Classification of Cuticular Proteins
Cuticular proteins (CPs) are classified by using distinctive names derived from their specific sequence motifs and amino acid compositions. Sequencing the genomes of several insect species resulted in the identification of a large numbers of CP genes. Over 200 CP genes have been identified in the malaria mosquito Anopheles
H. Kawasaki (*) Insect Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan e-mail: [email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 E. Cohen, B. Moussian (eds.), Extracellular Composite Matrices in Arthropods, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40740-1_1
3
4
H. Kawasaki
gambiae (Cornman et al. 2008; Cornman and Willis 2009) and the silkworm Bombyx mori (Futahashi et al. 2008), and several distinct families of CPs have been established (Cornman and Willis 2009; Willis 2010). Among them are CPRs, which represents CPs having the Rebers and Riddiford Consensus. Their names are derived from the work of Rebers and Riddiford, who first identified this sequence motif. The original motif was G-(x8)-G-x(6)-Y-x(2)-A-x-E-x-G-F-x(7)-P-x-P (R&R Consensus; Rebers and Riddiford 1988) (where x represents any amino acid, the values in parentheses indicate the number of amino acid residues). Three types of CPRs have been classified: RR-1 is generally found in soft cuticle, RR-2 in hard cuticle (Andersen 1998; Willis 2010), and RR-3 group comprise
Data Loading...
