Genetic and epigenetic perspective of microbiota
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MINI-REVIEW
Genetic and epigenetic perspective of microbiota Cigdem Celiker 1 & Rasime Kalkan 2,3 Received: 29 June 2020 / Revised: 9 July 2020 / Accepted: 17 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The gut microbiota has an extremely important role within the body and it is necessary for the regulation of the metabolism of the host and also for the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity. Here, we show several different factors leading to obesity such as epigenetic changes and how they result in differences to occur in the gut microbiota, along with gut dysbiosis which is caused by disturbances in the microbiota homeostasis. Several studies have been explained in this paper, providing evidence in how these findings can actually decrease the susceptibility of obesity, whether it be by changing an individual’s diet pattern or observing the epigenetic changes which are taking place. Key points • The microbiota depends on an individual’s diet, lifestyle, environment, genetics and epigenetic profile. • Changes of the gut microbiota can increase obesity susceptibility. • Non-coding RNA has an important role in the metabolic homeostasis in check so if a disturbance occurs it can lead to resistance to obesity. Keywords Microbiota . Genetics . Epigenetics
Introduction Metabolic diseases, especially obesity, have increased at an alarming rate within the past couple of years. The worldwide obesity rate has seen to have tripled since 1975, becoming over 1.9 billion in adults only in the year 2016. Many different environmental, lifestyle, genetic and epigenetic factors can contribute to this disease. One of the major factors, however, is an individual’s diet because it can cause different modifications on the gut microbiota, and by doing this, it can regulate disease development. The gut microbiota has several different functions, but the most important one is the responsibility of the regulation of the host metabolism. Certain epigenetic changes can also occur on the microbiota such as regulation
of non-coding RNA, histone and chromatin modifications and DNA methylation. These changes can cause metabolic diseases, like obesity, which is one of the main focuses of this paper. The gut microbiota can also produce specific types of metabolites like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) which has an effect on obesity. This paper mainly reflects on the discoveries made on the relationship between the gut microbiota and how it can result in an increase in the obesity levels when it is affected by epigenetic modifications. In this paper, we create a more clear vision of the consequences of epigenetic alterations in the human microbiota.
The human microbiota * Rasime Kalkan [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Arts and Science Faculty, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, Cyprus
2
Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, Cyprus
3
DESAM Institute, Near East University, 99138 Nic
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