Genetic characteristics of the Iranian honey bee, Apis mellifera meda, based on mitochondrial genes of ND4, ND4L and ND6
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Insectes Sociaux
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Genetic characteristics of the Iranian honey bee, Apis mellifera meda, based on mitochondrial genes of ND4, ND4L and ND6 and their internal transcribed spacers H. Veisi1 · J. Nazemi‑Rafie1 · A. Azizi1 · H. Rajabi‑Maham2 Received: 16 October 2019 / Revised: 5 May 2020 / Accepted: 20 May 2020 © International Union for the Study of Social Insects (IUSSI) 2020
Abstract Honey bees are one of the most important social insects in the world. Genetic markers are powerful tools for differentiating honey bee subspecies. The purpose of the present research was the introduction of a new barcoding marker and assessment of the accuracy and discriminatory abilities of ND4, ND4L, ND6 genes and related intergenic spacers for the phylogenetic study of Iranian honey bees. Sampling was conducted throughout Iran (30 locations). ND4–ND4L–ND6 (with their ITS regions) demonstrated the most accurate analysis for the phylogenetic study of Iranian honey bees compared with ND4– ND4L (with ITS1) and ND4L–ND6 (with ITS2, ITS3, ITS4 and ITS5 regions). Additionally, the findings illustrated that all the collected honey bee samples were A. m. meda except those collected from the Kolachay area which were classified as A. m. carnica. Ten haplotypes were identified in the Iranian honey bee populations using the mitochondrial sequences of ND4–ND4L–ND6. Two main haplogroups were identified in the distribution range of the sampled areas. The samples of haplotype 1 containing the shortest sequence length (1580 bp), found in the Qazvin, Marand, Najafabad, Firuzkuh, Gonabad, Ilam, Birjand, Dehdasht, Sarpole-Zahab, Sanandaj, Borojerd, Sari, Zahedan and Shahrekurd samples, were grouped with A. m. meda KY464957. Moreover, the samples of haplotype 3 containing the longest sequence length (1588 bp) and found in the Kerman samples, was grouped with Bileh Savar and Soltaniyeh. Keywords Apis mellifera · Iranian honey bee · Genetic characteristics · mtDNA
Introduction Apis mellifera is distributed throughout the world (with the exception of the polar regions). At least 31 subspecies of Apis mellifera have been identified based on morphological characteristics (Ruttner 1988; Engel 1999; Sheppard and Meixner 2003; Meixner et al. 2011; Chen et al. 2016). Ruttner (1988) proposed four evolutionary lineages based Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-020-00769-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * J. Nazemi‑Rafie [email protected] 1
Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
Department of Animal Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Tehran, Iran
2
on morphological data which were confirmed by SNP (Han et al. 2012; Wallberg et al. 2014). Additionally, the evolutionary lineages have been identified based on molecular characteristics (Table 1) (Frank et al. 2000; Alburaki et al. 2011; Chen et al
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