Genetic Divergence Across Glacial Refugia Despite Interglacial Gene Flow in a Crested Newt
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Genetic Divergence Across Glacial Refugia Despite Interglacial Gene Flow in a Crested Newt Ben Wielstra1,2 · Daniele Salvi3 · Daniele Canestrelli4 Received: 23 June 2020 / Accepted: 21 October 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract MtDNA-based phylogeography has illuminated the impact of the Pleistocene Ice Age on species distribution dynamics and the build-up of genetic divergence. The well-known shortcomings of mtDNA in biogeographical inference can be compensated by integrating multilocus data and species distribution modelling into phylogeography. We re-visit the phylogeography of the Italian crested newt (Triturus carnifex), a species distributed in two of Europe’s main glacial refugia, the Balkan and Italian Peninsulas. While a new 51 nuclear DNA marker dataset supports the existence of three lineages previously suggested by mtDNA (Balkan, northern Italy and southern Italy), the nuclear DNA dataset also provides improved resolution where these lineages have obtained secondary contact. We observe geographically restricted admixture at the contact between the Balkan and northern Italy gene pools and identify a potential mtDNA ghost lineage here. At the contact between the northern and southern Italy gene pools we find admixture over a broader area, as well as asymmetric mtDNA introgression. Our species distribution model is in agreement with a distribution restricted to distinct refugia during Pleistocene glacial cycles and postglacial expansion with secondary contact. Our study supports: (1) the relevance of the north-western Balkan Peninsula as a discrete glacial refugium; (2) the importance of north-eastern Italy and the northern Apennine as suture zones; and (3) the applicability of a refugia-within-refugia scenario within the Italian Peninsula. Keywords Balkan peninsula · Historical biogeography · Ice age · Italian Peninsula · Phylogeography · Triturus carnifex
Introduction The glacial cycles of the Pleistocene Ice Age greatly influenced species distributions and are recognized as a major driver of intraspecific divergence in temperate species Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-020-09519-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ben Wielstra [email protected] 1
Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
2
Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
3
Department of Health, Life & Environmental Sciences, University of L′Aquila, Via Vetoio s.n.c., 67100 L′Aquila, Italy
4
Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia. Viale dell’Università s.n.c, I‑01100 Viterbo, Italy
(Hewitt 2000; Hofreiter and Stewart 2009; Stewart et al. 2010). Geographical populations of a single species that were isolated in allopatric refugia during relatively long glacial periods, could repeatedly expand their ranges and establish hybrid zones upon secondary contact during relatively short intergl
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