Genetic diversity and differentiation of Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (Wall. & G.Don) Cif. in the Hajar Mountains

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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Genetic diversity and differentiation of Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (Wall. & G.Don) Cif. in the Hajar Mountains of Oman Nourin Ahosan Habib . Markus Mu¨ller . Oliver Gailing . Annette Patzelt . Ghudaina Al Issai . Konstantin V. Krutovsky . Martin Wiehle

Received: 6 February 2020 / Accepted: 21 September 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020

Abstract Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (Wall. & G. Don) Cif. is one of the six subspecies important for domestication of olive described as having valuable breeding traits. It is distributed from South Africa to the Middle East and the Mediterranean region to China mainly at mid to high altitudes with adequate precipitation. The currently rather fragmented Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata populations likely represent outposts of a formerly larger and more connected area and are hence vulnerable to additional stresses such as erratic weather extremes and anthropogenic influences. This may result in further fragmentation of

stands, shifts in demography, increased clonal growth, lower genetic diversity, and higher differentiation between olive stands. In this study, we present data on Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata growing in the Hajar Mountains, Sultanate of Oman, a large area subjected to many anthropogenic disturbances. We used dendrological traits and genetic parameters to infer its stand and population genetic structure, levels of genetic diversity, and differentiation. To accomplish this, 366 individual trees in total were inventoried and 188 of them genotyped using 12 microsatellite markers. Dendrological measures indicated disturbances

N. A. Habib Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh

K. V. Krutovsky Laboratory of Forest Genomics, Genome Research and Education Center, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

N. A. Habib Elevate Environmental Consulting Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh M. Mu¨ller  O. Gailing  K. V. Krutovsky Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Georg-August University of Go¨ttingen, Go¨ttingen, Germany O. Gailing  K. V. Krutovsky Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August University of Go¨ttingen, Go¨ttingen, Germany

K. V. Krutovsky Laboratory of Population Genetics, N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia K. V. Krutovsky Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA M. Wiehle (&) Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Kassel, Steinstraße 19, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany e-mail: [email protected]

A. Patzelt  G. Al Issai Oman Botanic Garden, Diwan of Royal Court, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman

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Genet Resour Crop Evol

mainly due to human activities. Height and crown area of individuals averaged 3.7 m (ranging from 0.2 to 12 m) and 14 m (ranging from 1 to 18 m), respectively. The stand conditional index was mainly 50%. The