Morphological and genetic differentiation in isolated populations of Mexican beech Fagus grandifolia subsp. mexicana
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Morphological and genetic differentiation in isolated populations of Mexican beech Fagus grandifolia subsp. mexicana Dulce María Galván‑Hernández2 · Pablo Octavio‑Aguilar2 · Luis Lazcano‑Cruz1 · Arturo Sánchez‑González1
Received: 7 March 2019 / Accepted: 3 August 2019 © Northeast Forestry University 2020
Abstract Mexican beech [Fagus grandifolia subsp. mexicana (Martinez) A.E.Murray] is a subspecies endemic to the Sierra Madre Oriental Mountains and considered endangered due to the low density of its populations and high degree of habitat fragmentation and environmental specificity. Because its morphological and genetic variation is associated with its ability to adapt to changes in environmental conditions, the objective of this study was to determine whether phenotypic and genotypic variation exist, and it relationships with population reduction events. In four beech populations in the states of Hidalgo and Veracruz, we analyzed 11 morphological variables for leaves and 6 microsatellite markers. The morphological variables that to discriminate between populations were related to the size of the leaf, but a robust differentiation pattern was not found, Project funding: This work was supported financially by the National Council of Science and Technology, Basic Science Project “Effect of climate change on relict tree populations: integrating dendrochronology and population genetics”, CB2016/284,484; by the Project INFR-252807 for the genetic analysis, and National Council of Science and Technology, postdoctoral grant 316,763. The online version is available at http://www.springerlink.com. Corresponding editor: Lei Yu * Arturo Sánchez‑González [email protected] 1
Population Ecology Laboratory of the Biological Research Center, Autonomous University of Hidalgo, Km 4.5 Pachuca‑Tulancingo Highway, CP 42184 Mineral de La Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico
2
Genetic Laboratory of the Biological Research Center, Autonomous University of Hidalgo, Km 4.5 Pachuca‑Tulancingo Highway, CP 42184 Mineral de La Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico
given that independent groups of leaves were identified. The populations located closest to each other, had greater genetic variation and less genetic distance; populations in the extreme north and south had the lowest genetic variation. Genetic differentiation among populations was associated with reduction in population size. In the 3 localities in Hidalgo, recent bottlenecks were identified, and in Veracruz, an old bottleneck was found. Variation in leaf morphology and genetic structure of Mexican beech populations could be the result of a combination of various geographical, climate and ecological factors. Keywords Adaptation · Bottleneck · Genetic structure · Leaf morphology · Mexico · Sierra madre oriental
Introduction In North America, beech populations (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) extend over a large range in western Canada and the United States of America (USA), but in Mexico they are only present as relict populations. The climate changes that occurred in the Plioce
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