Genetics of Depressive Disorders: Candidate Genes and Genome-Wide Association Studies
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EWS AND THEORETICAL ARTICLES
Genetics of Depressive Disorders: Candidate Genes and Genome-Wide Association Studies E. I. Rafikovaa, *, A. P. Ryskova, and V. A. Vasilyeva aInstitute
of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia *e-mail: [email protected]
Received October 2, 2019; revised November 13, 2019; accepted December 12, 2019
Abstract—The search for molecular genetic markers of depression has been going on for more than two decades, and it began with molecular studies of the genes of the neurotransmitter systems, primarily serotonin and dopamine. However, for most genes, the results of such studies remain contradictory. In the last decade, a new approach has been used to study the genetics of multifactorial diseases—a genome-wide search for associations. This method made it possible to supplement the list of potential genetic risk factors for depression with new genes that require additional research. The review describes two different approaches to the study of the genetics of depression, as well as current problems and recent advances in this field. Keywords: depression, serotonergic system, dopaminergic system, GWAS, genome-wide association study, SNP DOI: 10.1134/S1022795420080116
INTRODUCTION Depression represents a disease characterized by a stable mood decrease, reduced activity and energy, anhedonia, impaired attention, sleep, and appetite, and other symptoms. In the literature, the terms “major depressive disorder,” “major depression,” “clinical depression,” and “unipolar depression” exist, actually stating a rather heterogeneous disease characterized by variability in symptoms and etiology [1]. Neurobiological and molecular genetic studies of depression have to unravel its pathogenesis and to provide the development of more precise universal classification of depressive disorders and methods of therapy based on it. However, the heterogeneity of depression complicates the organization of these studies. At present, ICD-11 (International Classification of Diseases, WHO 2018) and DSM-V (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association, 2013) can be used to obtain information on types of depressive disorders and their diagnosis. According to ICD-11, depressive disorders belong to mood disorders and include depressive episode and recurrent depressive disorder, which in turn are divided into mild, medium, and severe subtypes with or without psychotic symptoms; depressive disorders also include dysthymia (chronic depression), mixed depressive and anxiety disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and others. According to the DSM-V, depressive disorders include major depressive disorder (MDD), which identifies single and recurrent episode, which can also be classified by the severity and the presence or absence of psychotic
symptoms and the stage of disease (complete or partial remission, current episode). In addition, according to DSM-V, depressive disorders also include chronic depressive disorder (dysthymia), premenstrual dysph
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