Genome-wide characterization and expression profiling of MAPK cascade genes in Salvia miltiorrhiza reveals the function
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Genome-wide characterization and expression profiling of MAPK cascade genes in Salvia miltiorrhiza reveals the function of SmMAPK3 and SmMAPK1 in secondary metabolism Yongfeng Xie1, Meiling Ding1, Bin Zhang1, Jie Yang1, Tianlin Pei2, Pengda Ma1* and Juane Dong1*
Abstract Background: The contribution of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades to plant growth and development has been widely studied, but this knowledge has not yet been extended to the medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza, which produces a number of pharmacologically active secondary metabolites. Results: In this study, we performed a genome-wide survey and identified six MAPKKK kinases (MAPKKKKs), 83 MAPKK kinases (MAPKKKs), nine MAPK kinases (MAPKKs) and 18 MAPKs in the S. miltiorrhiza genome. Within each class of genes, a small number of subfamilies were recognized. A transcriptional analysis revealed differences in the genes’ behaviour with respect to both their site of transcription and their inducibility by elicitors and phytohormones. Two genes were identified as strong candidates for playing roles in phytohormone signalling. A gene-to-metabolite network was constructed based on correlation analysis, highlighting the likely involvement of two of the cascades in the synthesis of two key groups of pharmacologically active secondary metabolites: phenolic acids and tanshinones. Conclusion: The data provide insight into the functional diversification and conservation of MAPK cascades in S. miltiorrhiza. Keywords: Salvia miltiorrhiza, Gene family, MAPK cascades, Co-expression analysis, Phenolic acid synthesis, Tanshinone synthesis
Background Plants have developed diverse strategies to protect themselves from pathogens and environmental stress, many of which are based on the production of secondary metabolites [1–4]. Metabolic engineering of natural product pathways is a feasible strategy over the years for enhancement of plant disease resistance [5]. Some of these * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 1 College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
compounds also have beneficial nutraceutical or pharmacological properties (classic bacteriostatic, antibiotic, antivirulence, anticancer, anti-diabetic, ect.) [6–9]. It has been estimated that at least 30% of therapeutic compounds in current use have been derived from medicinal plants [10]. The root of S. miltiorrhiza has a long history of use in Chinese herbal medicine as a source of compounds that are effective for curing a range of illnesses [2]. Its major bioactive compounds fall into two groups: hydrophilic phenolic acids and lipophilic
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