Salvia miltiorrhiza: A Medicinal Herb from Metabolites to Pathway Engineering
The dried, red-colored roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Lamiaceae) also called “danshen” in colloquial language in China have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years to treat hypertension and other cardiovascular ailments. The main c
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Salvia miltiorrhiza: A Medicinal Herb from Metabolites to Pathway Engineering Sushim Kumar Gupta, Poonam Sharma, Dinesh Chandra Agrawal, and Hsin-Sheng Tsay
Abstract The dried, red-colored roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Lamiaceae) also called “danshen” in colloquial language in China have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years to treat hypertension and other cardiovascular ailments. The main constituents of danshen are hydrophilic phenolic acids and lipophilic tanshinones. The various uses of danshen in traditional as well as modern medicines have motivated an intensive research on compounds in S. miltiorrhiza. In recent years, more than 110 compounds have been isolated from S. miltiorrhiza and their structure was identified. Tanshinones and their derivatives have been demonstrated to possess properties of slowing down or curing various ailments related to cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, respiratory, liver, nervous system, cancer, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s diseases. With the increasing demand of this herb, an unrestricted collection to supply raw materials and the extraction of its constituents have severely threatened the natural habitats of S miltiorrhiza. This has prompted the researchers to develop alternative strategies for metabolite production. Several in vitro methodologies have been established to generate callus, cell suspension culture, hairy roots, and plant regeneration. Different regulators and elicitors for plant growth have been employed to enhance levels of different constituents. The advent of sequencing technologies, whole genome, and expression data has helped to provide insights and identification of pathway genes involved in the biosynthesis. This book chapter gives a brief description of in vitro methodologies, use of different elicitors, gene functions, genetic modifications, expression profiling for a better understanding, and enhancement of the constituents in S. miltiorrhiza.
S.K. Gupta (*) Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Athens, GA 30605, USA Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan e-mail: [email protected] P. Sharma Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India D.C. Agrawal • H.-S. Tsay (*) Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 H.-S. Tsay et al. (eds.), Medicinal Plants - Recent Advances in Research and Development, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-1085-9_8
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Keywords Callus • Danshen • Hairy roots • Rosmarinic acid • Salvia miltiorrhiza • Tanshinones
Abbreviations 2,4-D 4CL ABA AOPP ATM ATMT BA BABA C4H cDNA COG CPS DMAPP DNA DW DXS FPP FPPS GA3 GC GC-MS g-DNA GGPP GGPPS GPP GPPS HDR HMGR HPLC HPPD HPPR IDSs IPP KS LAB MeJA MEP MS MVA
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 4-Coumaroyl:CoA ligase Abscisic acid L-a-aminooxy-beta-phenylpropionic acid Activation tagging mutagenesis A. tumefaciens-m
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