Genomic Selection. II. Latest Trends and Future Trajectories
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EWS AND THEORETICAL ARTICLES
Genomic Selection. II. Latest Trends and Future Trajectories Yu. A. Stolpovskya, *, G. R. Svishchevaa, b, **, and A. K. Piskunova, *** a
Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, 119991 Russia b Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] **e-mail: [email protected] ***e-mail: [email protected] Received October 29, 2019; revised March 23, 2020; accepted March 24, 2020
Abstract—Agriculture is an essential component of the evolution of mankind. Environmental changes, human population growth, and increasing global demand for animal and vegetable food products have led to an urgent need for optimization of food production. Genomic selection is one of the most promising and safest methods for improving the genetic qualities of farm animals and plants. Genomic selection is based on the principle of using information from a large number of genetic markers distributed throughout the genome and serves to identify such diversity in this genome that is sufficient enough to predict breeding values without knowing exactly where specific genes are located. However, the effectiveness of genomic selection has currently reached a certain limit. In addition, it can be applied only within industrial breeds of animals and plant lines. The review discusses the ways to increase the effectiveness and fields of application for genomic selection, in particular, by implementing technologies from related sciences. Keywords: genomic selection, single nucleotide polymorphism, breeding value, domesticated animal species, reference population, reproductive technologies, genome editing, microbiomes DOI: 10.1134/S1022795420100129
INTRODUCTION A number of scientists believe that genomic selection may nowadays provide a twofold increase in the main agriculturally valuable traits of dairy cattle and poultry and a somewhat lower increase in the traits of other farm animals and plants owing to the fast development of full genomic genotyping technologies and accumulation of information in biological banks. However, even this expected progress is not enough to satisfy the worldwide demand for food that is forecasted by 2050. The increase in the genomic selection efficacy may apparently be expected owing to attracting technologies from other fields of science, such as embryology, bioengineering, bioinformatics, and mathematical genetics, as well as using the data on the epigenome and microbiome. Some of these approaches are described below. USE OF REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES Methods of reproductive technologies, such as artificial fertilization, embryo transfer, or gender related semen division (sexing), have been used for animal breeding for a long time, first of all for cattle breeding. Recently, the arsenal of these techniques has been increased significantly.
One of these approaches is based on cow genotyping in order to identify the elite animals, which may be further
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