Geographical Data from Analogue Maps

Analogue maps have been a popular source of data for GIS. When an organisation first develops a GIS database, analogue maps are often the main source of data because digitising them is usually more cost effective than collecting data using land surveying,

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Yong-Qi Chen Yuk-Cheung Lee (eds.) Geographical Data Acquisition

Springer-Verlag Wien GmbH

Prof. Dr. Yong-Qi Chen Department of Land Information and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong

Prof. Dr. Yuk-Cheung Lee Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machines or similar means, and storage in data banks. © 2001 Springer-Verlag Wien Originally published by Springer-Verlag Wien New York 2001

Typesetting: Scientific Publishing Services (P) Ltd., Madras

Printed on acid-free and chlorine-free bleached paper SPIN: 10690271 With 167 Figures CIP data applied for

ISBN 978-3-211-83472-5 ISBN 978-3-7091-6183-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-6183-8

Preface This is a book about techniques used in the acquisition of geographical data. The target audience is students and professionals using geographical information systems who want to go beyond the operation of the software and discover the general principles of how raw geographical data are acquired. By "raw" data we mean da ta acquired directly from the field, from photographs, or from maps but wh ich has not been edited or structured for database storage. With this in mind, we have placed a heavier emphasis on geo-referencing and data acquisition techniques, making the co ordinate reference framework an important link tying the chapters together. In writing thisbook, we have adopted a Scientific American-type style, which appeals to the technically curious layperson. This is more than just a collection of artides, this is a textbook written jointly by several people. The co ordination required for such an approach has made the production of this book much more difficult. The authors are predominantly faculty members of the Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. We had hoped that this dose proximity of authors could help us better co ordinate the contents and ensure some consistency in style. This approach has certainly helped, particularly in allowing us to conduct the many meetings to discuss, review, and write the chapters together The best way to write such a book is perhaps to let an expert pass on the technical knowledge to someone new to the field who then does the writing. Time constraint did not allow us the full freedom to follow this path, but we have adopted this approach in writing parts of the book that we considered particularly difficult to understand. Dr. Zhilin Li was the one who had the vision for such a book in the first place. Other than contributing to the chapters, he has actively participated in the editorial and review process. Ms. Wendy Wells ofthe University ofNew Brunswick in Canada helped to polish the writing. Thanks are also due to all authors, whose patience, cap