Geographical structuring and low diversity of paternal lineages in Bahrain shown by analysis of 27 Y-STRs
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Geographical structuring and low diversity of paternal lineages in Bahrain shown by analysis of 27 Y‑STRs Noora R. Al‑Snan1,2 · Safia A. Messaoudi3 · Yahya M. Khubrani4,5 · Jon H. Wetton4 · Mark A. Jobling4 · Moiz Bakhiet1 Received: 27 January 2020 / Accepted: 8 June 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract We have determined the distribution of Y-chromosomal haplotypes and predicted haplogroups in the ethnically diverse Kingdom of Bahrain, a small archipelago in the Arabian Gulf. Paternal population structure within Bahrain was investigated using the 27 Y-STRs (short tandem repeats) in the Yfiler Plus kit to generate haplotypes from 562 unrelated Bahraini males, sub-divided into four geographical regions—Northern, Capital, Southern and Muharraq. Yfiler Plus provided a significant improvement over the 17-locus Yfiler kit in discrimination capacity (from 77% to 87.5% overall), but discrimination capacity differed widely between regions from 98.4% in Muharraq to 75.2% in the Northern region, an unusually low value possibly resulting from recent rapid population expansion. Clusters of closely related male lineages were seen, with only 79.4% of donors displaying unique haplotypes and 59% of instances of shared haplotypes occurring within, rather than between, regions. Haplogroup prediction indicated diverse origins of the population with a predominance of haplogroups J2 and J1, both typical of the Arabian Peninsula, but also haplogroups such as B2 and E1b1a likely originating in Africa, and H, L and R2 likely indicative of migration from South Asia. Haplogroup frequencies differed significantly between regions, with J2 significantly more common in the Northern region compared with the Southern, possibly due to differential settlement by Baharna and Arabs. Our study shows that paternal lineage population structure can exist even over small geographical scales, and that highly discriminating genetic tools are required where rapid expansions have occurred within tightly bounded populations. Keywords Bahrain · Y-STRs · Haplogroup · Population structure · Haplotype
Introduction Communicated by Stefan Hohmann. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-020-01696-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Noora R. Al‑Snan [email protected] * Jon H. Wetton [email protected] 1
Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medical and Medicine Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
Forensic Science Laboratory, Directorate of Forensic Science, General Directorate of Criminal Investigation and Forensic Science, Ministry of Interior, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
2
The Kingdom of Bahrain is an archipelago totaling just 765 square kilometers, located northwest of the State of Qatar, and east of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; further to the north and east lies the Islamic Republic of Iran (Abdulla 3
Forensic Sciences Department, College of Criminal Justice, Naif Arab University for Se
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