Geographical versus ecological isolation of closely related black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) inferred from phylogeny, g
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Geographical versus ecological isolation of closely related black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) inferred from phylogeny, geography, and ecology Pairot Pramual & Chaliow Kuvangkadilok & Sanae Jitklang & Ubon Tangkawanit & Peter H. Adler
Received: 23 January 2012 / Accepted: 30 April 2012 / Published online: 22 May 2012 # Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik 2012
Abstract To investigate patterns of geographical and ecological separation among morphologically similar, closely related species of black flies, we integrated ecological, geographical, and phylogenetic information, based on multiple gene sequences, for 12 species in the subgenus Gomphostilbia in Thailand. Molecular characters supported the monophyly of the Simulium ceylonicum species group, but not of the Simulium batoense species group, suggesting that revisionary work is
P. Pramual (*) Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand e-mail: [email protected] C. Kuvangkadilok Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Phayathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand e-mail: [email protected] S. Jitklang Conservation Biology Program, Division of Biological and Natural Resource Sciences, Mahidol University, Saiyok, Kanchanaburi Campus, Kanchanaburi 71150, Thailand e-mail: [email protected] U. Tangkawanit Department of Plant Science and Agricultural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Khonkaen University, Khonkaen 40002, Thailand e-mail: [email protected] P. H. Adler Entomology Program, School of Agricultural, Forest, and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0310, USA e-mail: [email protected]
needed for the latter. Both ecological and geographical isolation of similar taxa were revealed. Stream velocity and altitude were among the principal ecological factors differing between closely related species. Most closely related species in the subgenus Gomphostilbia overlap geographically, suggesting the possibility of sympatric speciation driven by ecological divergence. Geographical isolation via dispersal also might have contributed to species divergence, while Pleistocene climate changes possibly influenced population genetic structure, demographic history, and speciation of some members of the subgenus. Keywords Gomphostilbia . Phylogeny . Simulium . Speciation
Introduction Geographical isolation and ecological divergence contribute to species diversification. Ecological divergence has been suggested as an important factor promoting speciation (Orr and Smith 1998; Schluter 1998, 2001). Populations in different environments are under different selection regimes, which could result in genetic divergence leading to reproductive isolation (Mayr 1963). Alternatively, reproductive isolation could result from processes not linked directly to ecological divergence, such as genetic drift (Coyne and Orr 2004). Integrating phylogenetic information with environmental factors and geographical distributions of closely related species can be used to indica
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