The phylogeny of the Papaveraceae sensu lato: morphological, geographical and ecological implications
On the background of the phylogeny of the Papaveraceae s.l., the evolution of the androecium and gynoecium, the geographical distribution, and the ecological differentiation of the family is discussed. An effort is made to homologize the diverse androecia
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The phylogeny of the Papaveraceae sensu la to: morphological, geographical and ecological implications 1. W. KADEREIT, F. R. BLATTNER, K. B. JORK, and A. SCHWARZBACH Received October 27, 1994 Key words: Fumariaceae, Papaveraceae, Pteridophyllum, Hypecoum. - Androecium evolution, gynoecium evolution, geographical distribution, intercontinental disjunction, aridification. Abstract: On the background of the phylogeny of the Papaveraceae s.1., the evolution of the androecium and gynoecium, the geographical distribution, and the ecological differentiation of the family is discussed. An effort is made to homologize the diverse androecia of Pteridophyllum, Hypecoum, Fumariaceae and Papaveraceae s.str., and it is coneluded that both the polyandrous androecium as found in the Papaveraceae S.str. and the polycarpellate gynoecium as found in Papaveraceae s. str. subfam. Papaveroideae inel. Platystemonoideae are secondary and derived from whorled oligomerous androecia and bicarpellate gynoecia, respectively. The comparative consideration of the geographical distribution, ecology and diversity of various monophyletic units within the family suggests (1) that forest floor habitats might be ancestraI in the family, (2) that in parts of the family generic diversification preceded the break -up of the northern continents, and (3) that aridification of the environment was a major stimulus for both diversification and morphological divergence in the family.
The Papaveraceae sJ. discussed here contain Pteridophyllum SIEB. & Zucc., Hypecoum L., Fumariaceae and Papaveraceae S.str. Within the Ranunculifiorae the family in this eircumseription is unambiguously eharaeterized by its paracarpous gynoeeium of two or more carpels. Other families of the group have an either apocarpous (Lardizabalaceae inel. Sargentodoxaceae, M enispermaceae, Ranunculaceae inel. Circaeasteraceae and Hydrastidaceae) or monomerous (Berberidaceae inel. N andinaceae) gynoecium. Comprehensive summaries of the morphology, distribution, systematies, ecology etc. of Pteridophyllum, Hypecoum, Fumariaceae and Papaveraceae S.str. were recently presented by LIDEN (1993a,b) and KADERE!T (1993). A phylogenetic analysis of generic affinities within Fumariaceae was conducted by LIDEN (1986), and generic affinities with the Papaveraceae S.str. and affinities among Pteridophyllum, Hypecoum, Fumariaceae and Papaveraceae S.str. were analyzed by KADERE!T & al. (1994). Both these analyses were based on morphologieal characters. In the present paper these phylogenetic hypotheses by LIDEN (1986) and KADEREIT & al. (1994) will be used for a discussion of certain aspects of the morphology, distribution and ecology of the Papaveraceae sJ. U. Jensen et al. (eds.), Systematics and Evolution of the Ranunculiflorae © Springer-Verlag Wien 1995
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1. W. KADEREIT & al.:
The phylogeny of the Papaveraceae sJ. The phylogenetic affinities among Pteridophyllum, Hypecoum, Fumariaceae and Papaveraceae S.str. as fo und by KADEREIT & al. (1994) are illustrated in Fig. 1. This analysis was based on
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