Geological and hydrogeological environment with geohazards during underground construction in Hangzhou: a review
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Geological and hydrogeological environment with geohazards during underground construction in Hangzhou: a review Ye-Shuang Xu 1,2 & Jack Shuilong Shen 3 & An-Nan Zhou 4 & Arul Arulrajah 3 Received: 5 March 2018 / Accepted: 31 August 2018 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2018
Abstract The urban area of Hangzhou is located in the northeast region of the Hangzhou Bay, beside the estuary of the Qiantang River. Three main ancient rivers are present in the case study area. The ancient rivers, together with the influence of three transgressions, influence the geological and hydrogeological formations of the urban area of Hangzhou. Soft clay is widely deposited in the study area and the Quaternary strata are rich in pore water, karst water, and bedrock fissure water. Confined aquifers located in the case study area have high pressure, high permeability, and rich water, and their levels fluctuate with tide. Karst strata, soft clay, ancient confined aquifer, and shallow gas deposits are potential geological features, which may threaten underground construction in the urban area of Hangzhou. As such, corresponding pre-treatments should be adopted to control the potential geohazards. Karst caves are proposed be infilled or reinforced before the commencement of underground construction works. Ground improvement methods can be adopted to enhance the strength of soft soil. Foundation dewatering in foundation pits with pensile curtains can be adopted to control ancient confined aquifers. Pre-exhaustion of shallow gas prior to commencement of construction works is an effective measure to control shallow gas with high pressure. Moreover, the impacts of the Qiantang River tide on the groundwater level and the deformation of underground structures should be considered. Keywords Quaternary sediments . Geohazards . Soft soil . Shallow gas . Karst . Ancient river aquifer
Introduction * Jack Shuilong Shen [email protected] Ye-Shuang Xu [email protected] An-Nan Zhou [email protected] Arul Arulrajah [email protected] 1
State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean, and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
2
Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration (CISSE), Department of Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
3
Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
4
School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Vic, Melbourne 3001, Australia
Hangzhou is the provincial capital of the Zhejiang Province, which is located in the east of China and has an area of 16,596 km2 (HCEB 1995). Hangzhou is rich in river systems and has a multi-landform including mountainous and hilly, valley, and plain. The mountainous and hilly areas are mainly distributed in the west, south, and center of Hangzhou, while the plain area is distributed in the eastern part of
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