Geoscientists in the Sky: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Responding to Geohazards
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Geoscientists in the Sky: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Responding to Geohazards R. Antoine1 · T. Lopez2,3 · M. Tanguy4 · C. Lissak5 · L. Gailler6 · P. Labazuy6 · C. Fauchard1 Received: 10 March 2020 / Accepted: 6 August 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract This article presents a review of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the context of geohazards. The pluri-disciplinary role of UAVs is outlined in numerous studies associated with mass earth movements, volcanology, flooding events and earthquakes. Scientific advances and innovations of several research teams around the world are presented from pre-events investigations to crisis management. More particularly, we emphasize the actual status of technology, methodologies and different applications that have emerged with the use of UAVs for each domain. It is shown that the deployment of UAVs in the geohazards context has experienced a tremendous increase during the last 10 years, with the development of more and more miniaturized, flexible and reliable systems. The use of such technology (UAV platform, instrumentation, methodologies) is different for each domain, depending on the spatial extent and the time scale of the observed phenomenon, but also on the practical constraints associated with the civil aviation agencies regulations (outside or within urban areas, before or during a crisis…). This paper also highlights the use of recent methodologies associated with semi-automatic/automatic segmentation or deep learning for the processing of important amounts of data provided by UAVs. Finally, although still sparse, the joint use of UAVs and satellite data is progressing and remains a challenge for future studies in the context of geohazards. Keywords UAV · Geohazards · Mass earth movements · Volcanology · Flooding events · Earthquakes
* R. Antoine [email protected] 1
Cerema, ENDSUM Team, 10 chemin de la Poudrière, 76121 Le Grand‑Quevilly, France
2
Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut de Recherche Technologique (IRT) SaintExupéry, 14 avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
3
International Space Science Institute (ISSI), Hallerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
4
GEOEND, Université Gustave Eiffel, Route de Bouaye ‑ CS 5004, 44344 Bouguenais Cedex, France
5
UNICAEN, CNRS, LETG, Normandie Université, 14000 Caen, France
6
CNRS, IRD, OPGC, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont‑Ferrand, France
13
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Surveys in Geophysics
1 Introduction Robots flying through the sky are no longer a matter of science fiction. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or drones, are usually considered as toys, mass surveillance tools or military systems. Besides, this technology is being increasingly implemented into many innovative projects worldwide, for sustainable development goals (Kitonsa and Kruglikov 2018), medical deliveries (Scott and Scott 2019), humanitarian purposes (Sandvik and Lohne 2014) or disaster mitigation (Erdelj et al. 2017). According to the United Nations, for t
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