Geotechnical study on the utilization of Pleistocene Sands in Sohag Basin (Upper Egypt) as a construction raw material
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Geotechnical study on the utilization of Pleistocene Sands in Sohag Basin (Upper Egypt) as a construction raw material A. Abdel‑Hamed El‑Shater1,2 · T. M. Mahran1,2 · El‑Sayed Sedek Abu Seif1,2 · Khaleed Mahmoud1 Received: 22 February 2020 / Accepted: 16 November 2020 / Published online: 1 December 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The Pleistocene Sands (Armant and Qena formations, Sohag Basin, Upper Egypt) had been evaluated texturally, minerologically and geotechnically as a construction raw material throughout intensive laboratory examinations. These Sands (fine aggregates) are classified into well-graded sands (SW). Texturally, the Pleistocene Sands are consisting mainly of equi-dimensional angular quartz grains. Rock fragments and feldspars are present with minor amounts. Few mineral grains (dolomite and gypsum) were recorded within the sands of Armant Formation. Whereas, few grains of basement rock fragments were identified in Qena Formation. Armant Formation has a higher content of TDS (total dissolved salts), sulfates, calcium carbonates and chlorides than Qena Formation. Additionally, Armant Formation has active chemically mineral grains (dolomite and gypsum). So, Armant Formation sand samples will be reacted harmfully when used as concrete, mortar and sandy bricks due to alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and alkali-carbonate reaction (ACR) that will be happened on long run of time. The absence of shrinkage in length and collapse failure modes indicates the absence of bleeding and segregation with the fresh mixtures (concrete, mortar and sandy bricks) before stiffness state. Keywords Pleistocene Sands · Construction materials · Sohag Basin · Upper Egypt
Introduction Historically, concrete itself is considered as one of the most magic man-made mixes through different civilizations (Pharaohs, Romans to nowadays), which allows the vertical expansion along the lowest possible area with preserving lives and properties. Concrete itself is a most frequent building material, whereas mortar is considered as a typical bonding agent that holds bricks, tiles and other masonry units together (Edward and Joseph 2013). Concrete is distinct from mortar. Mortar (fine aggregates, cement and water) represents a workable cement paste that dries and binds the building blocks (e.g., stones, bricks, and concrete masonry units), filling and sealing the irregularly gaps between these blocks. Concrete, mortar and sandy brick are represented as composite materials which are initially * El‑Sayed Sedek Abu Seif [email protected] 1
Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, P.O. Box 82524, Sohag, Egypt
Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80206, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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composed of aggregates which will be bonded together with cement paste (Portland cement and water). The cement will react with water and ingredient aggregates forming a well-hardened durable mixture. Sometimes, other additives should be added to improve the phy
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