Giant magnetization and ultra-low loss in non-magnetic ion-substituted barium nanohexaferrite matrix
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Giant magnetization and ultra‑low loss in non‑magnetic ion‑substituted barium nanohexaferrite matrix Virender Pratap Singh1 · Khalid Mujasam Batoo2 · M. Singh3 · Sanjeev Kumar4 · Gagan Kumar4 Received: 31 October 2019 / Accepted: 20 January 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Ba0.7Nd0.3CdxFe12−xO19 nanohexaferrites have been synthesized by sol–gel method. Rietveld refined X-ray diffraction study predicted the single phase formation with c/a ratio 3.93. The magnetic and dielectric properties have been significantly improved with the addition of cadmium ions. An increase in the saturation magnetization (65.01–103.46 emu/g) and retentivity (32.15–51.90 emu/g) has been observed with the incorporation of cadmium ions and incredible enhancement in the saturation magnetization, up to 103.46 emu/g, is observed for x = 0.3. The value of magnetization so obtained is the prime achievement of the present work. The dielectric constant (εʹ), dielectric loss (εʺ), magnetic permeability (μʹ) and magnetic loss (μʺ) are investigated over GHz frequency range. The results are explained in the light of Maxwell–Wagner model. Further, the Mössbauer spectroscopic analysis of the synthesized nanohexaferrites is also carried out to support the magnetic study.
1 Introduction Ferrites are ceramic compounds composed of iron as the main component with two or more chemically bonded elements. The ferrite materials are very significant as they possess good magnetic properties and high resistivity [1] due to which they are very suitable for application at high frequencies [2]. The ferrite materials are mainly used in microwave applications, memory storage, audio and video recording heads and permanent magnets. Ferrite materials are commonly known as soft and hard ferrites due to their different magnetic properties. Now a days, the latest research is focussed on the synthesis and characterizations of various hard nanoferrites due to their industrial demand. M-type barium ferrites is one of the class of hard hexaferrites which consists of three kinds of interstitial sites such as tetrahedral, * Gagan Kumar [email protected] 1
Department of Physics, Government Degree College, Naduan, Hamirpur, India
2
Department of Physics and Astronomy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Physics, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
4
Center of Research in Materials Science, Department of Physics, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab, India
octahedral and trigonal bipyramidal sites containing S and R blocks cubically and hexagonally overlapped on each other giving SRS*R* formula, where * denotes the 180° rotation of the block about the c-axis [3] as shown in Fig. 1. The properties of hexaferrites are mainly dependent on the choice of composition as well as the methodologies used to prepare them; thus, several researchers have reported the rare earth-doped hexaferrites by solid-state reaction technique [4], Citrate precursor method [5], ball
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