Glass Bone Implants: The Effect of Surface Topology on Attachment and Proliferation of Osteoblast Cells on 45S Bioactive
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Glass Bone Implants: The Effect of Surface Topology on Attachment and Proliferation of Osteoblast Cells on 45S Bioactive Glass Raina H. Jain1, Shaojie Wang2, Hassan M. Moawad2, Matthias M. Falk1, Himanshu Jain2 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, U.S.A. 2 Department of Materials Sci. and Eng., Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, U.S.A.
ABSTRACT Bioglass 45S is a promising bone implant material with superior biocompatibility. Past research showed that adhesion of bone cells to titanium is strongly affected by its surface architecture. However, little is known about the role of surface topology of glass on its use as an implant. Thus, we systematically investigated the effect of surface roughness (Ra ~ 0.01 – 1.2 m) on cell adhesion and proliferation on 45S Bioglass in vitro. MG63 osteosarcoma and MC3T3 osteoblast precursor cells were seeded on the glass samples, and incubated for up to 6 days. The attachment, morphology and proliferation of cells were investigated using fluorescence microscopy. Our results show that cell attachment (as indicated by cell spreading and number of focal adhesion sites), and proliferation rate decrease with increasing roughness of bioactive glass surface. These findings provide important insight for improving surface characteristics of bioactive glass bone implants.
INTRODUCTION Although bone implants date back to 600 A.D., the search for an ideal bone-replacement material continues [1]. In fact, with increasing life expectancy destructive lesions of bones, whether due to disease or trauma, are becoming increasingly common. Some such conditions include benign and malignant bone tumors, bone fractures, middle ear deafness and periodontal diseases. In all cases, the ultimate goal is to replace the defective or missing bone tissue with a functioning material that will last a patient’s lifetime. In 1952, the Swedish orthopedic surgeon, Brånemark, in his research on titanium implants observed that bone grew into such close proximity with the titanium that it effectively adhered to the metal [2]. However, titanium implants have been found to cause scar tissue to form on the implant surface over time requiring implant replacement after a 10-20 year period. The field of bone implant research was revolutionized by materials scientist Larry Hench’s discovery of Bioglass in the 1960’s [3]. Bioglass® of composition 24.5Na2O- 24.5CaO6P2O5-45SiO2 (wt%), was shown to develop a layer of hydroxyapatite (Ca 5(PO4)3(OH)) in vivo, the major mineral constituent of bone, making the material bioactive. Furthermore, bioactive glass resorbed over time in the body and was replaced by natural bone; and the ions (especially silicon) leaching from the Bioglass have been shown to stimulate bone precursor cells to differentiate into mature, calcified matrix secreting osteoblasts [4]. These unique characteristics of Bioglass are not shared by any other currently used bone replacement material, indicating its superior osseointegration [5]. Studies on titanium m
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