Glaucoma

The term “glaucoma” includes a number of optic neuropathies that share certain commonalities. Together they make up the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, estimated to affect 80 million people by 2020 [1]. Primarily, these neuropathies are

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Metabolism of Human Diseases Organ Physiology and Pathophysiology

Metabolism of Human Diseases

Eckhard Lammert • Martin Zeeb Editors

Metabolism of Human Diseases Organ Physiology and Pathophysiology

Editors Eckhard Lammert Department of Biology Institute of Metabolic Physiology German Diabetes Center Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany

Martin Zeeb CardioMetabolic Diseases Research Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG Biberach Germany

ISBN 978-3-7091-0714-0 ISBN 978-3-7091-0715-7 DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-0715-7 Springer Wien Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

(eBook)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014940716 © Springer-Verlag Wien 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher's location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Martin Zeeb and Eckhard Lammert Part I

1

Brain

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lorraine V. Kalia

5

Major Depressive Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Donatella Marazziti, Grazia Rutigliano, Stefano Baroni, and Liliana Dell’Osso

11

Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .