Glial Cells and Integrity of the Nervous System
Today, there is enormous progress in understanding the function of glial cells, including astroglia, oligodendroglia, Schwann cells, and microglia. Around 150 years ago, glia were viewed as a glue among neurons. During the course of the twentieth century,
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bstract Today, there is enormous progress in understanding the function of glial cells, including astroglia, oligodendroglia, Schwann cells, and microglia. Around 150 years ago, glia were viewed as a glue among neurons. During the course of the twentieth century, microglia were discovered and neuroscientists’ views evolved toward considering glia only as auxiliary cells of neurons. However, over the last two to three decades, glial cells’ importance has been reconsidered because of the evidence on their involvement in defining central nervous system architecture, brain metabolism, the survival of neurons, development and modulation of synaptic transmission, propagation of nerve impulses, and many other physiological functions. Furthermore, increasing evidence shows that glia are involved in the mechanisms of a broad spectrum of pathologies of the nervous system, including some psychiatric diseases, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases to mention a few. It appears safe to say that no neurological disease can be understood without considering neuron–glia crosstalk. Thus, this book aims to show different roles played by glia in the healthy and diseased nervous system, highlighting some of their properties while considering that the various glial cell types are essential components not only for cell function and integration among neurons, but also for the emergence of important brain homeostasis.
R. von Bernhardi (&) B. Flores Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile e-mail: [email protected] J. Eugenín-von Bernhardi Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Pettenkoferstr.12, 80336 Munich, Germany J. Eugenín-von Bernhardi Graduate School of Systemic Neuroscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany J.E. León Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, USACH, Santiago, Chile © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 R. von Bernhardi (ed.), Glial Cells in Health and Disease of the CNS, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 949, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40764-7_1
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Keywords Astrocytes Microglia Myelin Development Neuron–glia crosstalk Neuroimmunity NG-2 cells Oligodendrocyte Schwann cells Tripartite synapses
Abbreviations ADNF ADAM10 AMPA ATP CNS EAAT EGF ER FcR GABA GDNF GFAP IGF-I iNOS InsP3 MAG MBP MOG MS NCAM NG-2 NMDA NO OPCs PLP PNS PMP22 P0 ROS TNFα VGLUT VNUT
Activity-dependent neurotrophic factor A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid Adenosine triphosphate Central nervous system Excitatory amino acid transporters Epidermal growth factor Endoplasmic reticulum Receptor for the (Fragment, crystallizable) region of antibodies γ-aminobutyric acid Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor Glial fibrillary acidic protein Insulin-like growth factor 1 Inducible nitric oxide synthase Inositol trisphosphate Myelin ass
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