Global Change and Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems
Regions with Mediterranean-type climates include parts of California, South America, Australia, and of course, Europe. The effect of global climate change on these heavily populated areas will have major social and political ramifications. This volume add
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Edited by O.L. Lange, Wiirzburg, FRG H.A. Mooney, Stanford, USA
Ecological Studies Volumes published since 1989 are listed at the end of this book.
Springer New York Berlin Heidelberg Barcelona Budapest Hong Kong London Milan Paris Santa Clara Singapore Tokyo
Jose M. Moreno Walter C. Oechel Editors
Global Change and Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems With 144 illustrations
i
Springer
Jost M. Moreno Departamento de Ecologia Facullad de Biologia U niversidad Complutense 28040 Mad rid Spain
Waller e. Oechel Department of Biology San Diego State University San Diego, CA 92182
USA
Cover illustration: Average results from general circulation model of summer equili brium changes for air temperature (bC) after doubling of CO 2 . (Redrawn from Warrick el aI. , 1990. See Chapter 19, page 388).
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data G lobal change and Mediterranean-type ecosystems/Jose M. Moreno, Waller C. Oechel, editors. p. cm. - (Ecological studies; v. 117) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-]]: 978- 1-4612-8690-5 1. Mediterranean-t ype ecosystems. 2. Climatic changes Environmental aspects. 3. Vegetation and climate. I. Moreno, Jose Manuel. II. Oechel, W.e. III. Series. QH541. 5. M44G58 1995 574.5'222 - dc20
95-5548
Printe d on acid-free paper.
© 1995 Springer-Verlag New Y ork ,
Inc.
Softcover reprint o f the hardcover I st edition 1995 Copyright is not claimed for works by U.S. Government employees. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or i npart wi thout the written permission of the publisher (Springer.verlag New York . Inc" 175 Fift h Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA), except for brief ucerptS in connection wi th revie ws or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval. electronic adaptatio n, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hcreafter developed is forbidden. The lise of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, s names, eve n if the former are not especiall y identified , is nO! to be taken as a sign that uch as understood by th e Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely byanyone. Production coordinated by Chernow Editorial Services, Inc., and managed by Francine McNe ill ; manufacturing supervised by Jeffre y Taub. Typeset by Best-set Typesetl er Ltd., Hong Kong.
9 8 765 4 32 1 ISBN· I): 978-1-4612-8690-5 e-ISBN·I ): 978- 1-4612-4186-7 001: 10. 10071978- 1--4612-4186-7
Preface
Mediterranean-type ecosystems (MTEs) comprise a vegetation form with worldwide importance and distribution. MTEs are found in areas around the Mediterranean Basin, in North America (California), Chile, Australia, and South Africa. MTEs are usually associated with current or historic centers of prosperity and cultural development. With large permanent or transient (tourism) populations, they are among the most frequently visited areas of the world. In addition, the population in these areas is growing and is expected to
