Global Climate Change - The Technology Challenge
In order to avoid the potentially catastrophic impacts of global warming, the current 3% CO2 global emission growth rate must be transformed to a 1 to 3% declining rate, as soon as possible. This will require a rapid and radical transformation of the worl
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ADVANCES IN GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH VOLUME 38
Editor-in-Chief Martin Beniston, University of Geneva, Switzerland
Editorial Advisory Board B. Allen-Diaz, Department ESPM-Ecosystem Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. R.S. Bradley, Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA. W. Cramer, Earth System Analysis, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany. H.F. Diaz, Climate Diagnostics Center, Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, NOAA, Boulder, CO, USA. S. Erkman, Institute for communication and Analysis of Science and Technology–ICAST, Geneva, Switzerland. R. Garcia Herrera, Faculated de Fisicas, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain. M. Lal, Center for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India. U. Luterbacher, The Graduate Institute of International Studies, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. I. Noble, CRC for Greenhouse Accounting and Research School of Biological Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. L. Tessier, Institut Mediterranéen d’Ecologie et Paléoécologie, Marseille, France. F. Toth, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria. M.M. Verstraete, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ec Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy.
For other titles published in this series, go to www.springer.com/series/5588
Frank T. Princiotta Editor
Global Climate Change The Technology Challenge
Editor Frank T. Princiotta Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 109 TW Alexander Drive Research Triangle Park NC, USA [email protected]
ISBN 978-90-481-3152-5 e-ISBN 978-90-481-3153-2 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-3153-2 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011929040 © US Government 2011 (Chapters 1, 4, 7–9 & 12) © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
The industrial revolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth century has had a profound impact on every aspect of human activity. This technology revolution catalyzed a transition from a manual and animal labor based economy towards an energy driven manufacturing economy. This revolution started with the mechanization of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of coal for steam engines and furnaces. It has evolved to include the generation of large quantities of electric power, derived primarily from the combustion of coal and
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