Global Geodetic Observing System Meeting the Requirements of a Globa
The Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) has been established by the Int- national Association of Geodesy (IAG) in order to integrate the three fundamental areas of geodesy, so as to monitor geodetic parameters and their temporal varia- ?9 tions, in a
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Hans-Peter Plag · Michael Pearlman Editors
Global Geodetic Observing System Meeting the Requirements of a Global Society on a Changing Planet in 2020
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Editors Dr. Hans-Peter Plag University of Nevada, Reno Nevada Bureau of Mines & Geology & Seismological Laboratory Reno NV 89557 USA
Dr. Michael Pearlman Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 60 Garden St. Cambridge MA 02138 MS 16 USA
ISBN 978-3-642-02686-7 e-ISBN 978-3-642-02687-4 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-02687-4 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009932078 c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: deblik Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Foreword
The Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) has been established by the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) in order to integrate the three fundamental areas of geodesy, so as to monitor geodetic parameters and their temporal variations, in a global reference frame with a target relative accuracy of 10−9 or better. These areas, often called ‘pillars’, deal with the determination and evolution of (a) the Earth’s geometry (topography, bathymetry, ice surface, sea level), (b) the Earth’s rotation and orientation (polar motion, rotation rate, nutation, etc.), and (c) the Earth’s gravity field (gravity, geoid). Therefore, Earth Observation on a global scale is at the heart of GGOS’s activities, which contributes to Global Change research through the monitoring, as well as the modeling, of dynamic Earth processes such as, for example, mass and angular momentum exchanges, mass transport and ocean circulation, and changes in sea, land and ice surfaces. To achieve such an ambitious goal, GGOS relies on an integrated network of current and future terrestrial, airborne and satellite systems and technologies. These include: various positioning, navigation, remote sensing and dedicated gravity and altimetry satellite missions; global ground networks of VLBI, SLR, DORIS, GNSS and absolute and relative gravity stations; and airborne gravity, mapping and remote sensing systems. The optimal assimilation of such heterogeneous observations into models of geod
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