Glycosylation of anthocyanins enhances the apoptosis of colon cancer cells by handicapping energy metabolism
- PDF / 2,708,479 Bytes
- 13 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 94 Downloads / 173 Views
(2020) 20:312
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Glycosylation of anthocyanins enhances the apoptosis of colon cancer cells by handicapping energy metabolism Nan Jing1,2, Jiaxing Song2, Zheng Liu1,2, Luoyang Wang1,2* and Guoqiang Jiang1,2*
Abstract Background: While anthocyanins are proven to be effective in inhibiting tumour cell proliferation, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This research aims to explore the glycosylation of anthocyanins in the tumour inhibitory effects and the potential mechanism. Methods: The tumour inhibitory effect on mouse colon cancer cells (MC38) was examined by MTT and flow cytometric analyses. The inhibitory pathway of anthocyanin was explored by assessment of tumour cell mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), the caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity, as well as the cell energy metabolism in terms of the glucose uptake, the NAD+/NADH ratio and the ATP level. Results: We found that 500 μM bilberry anthocyanins extract (BAE) induced 48.1% mitochondrial damage, activated the downstream caspase cascade to form apoptotic bodies (caspase-3 activity increased by 169%, caspase-9 activity increased by 186%), and inhibited cell proliferation (survival rate: 55.97%, 24 h). In contrast, the same concentration of anthocyanidin (cyanidin) led to marginal mitochondrial damage (only 9.85%) and resulted in little inhibition of MC38 cells (survival rate: 86.84%, 24 h). For cells incubated with 500 μM BAE, reactive oxygen species (ROS) decreased by 53.8%, but the ratio of NAD+/NADH increased to 3.67, demonstrating that the mitochondrial damage was induced by blocking energy metabolism. Furthermore, cell energy metabolism is related to glucose uptake since the presence of 200 μM GLUT1 inhibitor substantially enhanced the inhibitory effects of cyanidin-3-Oglucoside (Cy-3-Glu) at 500 μM (survival rate: 51.08%, 24 h). Conclusions: The study suggested that the glycosides of anthocyanins might handicap glucose transport and inhibit energy metabolism, which, in turn, led to mitochondrial damage and apoptosis of tumour cells. Keywords: Anthocyanin, Glycosides, Cell apoptosis, Glucose transporter
Background Anthocyanins are flavonoids found in various fruits and vegetables as natural plant pigments [1, 2] and are highly valued for their health-promoting attributes, such as promoting intestinal barrier function [3], prventing cardiovascular disease, and alleviating oxidative stress * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 1 Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
induced by ages, diabetes and inflammation [4, 5]. Anticancer effects have also been reported for anthocyanin extracts including bilberry, blueberry, cranberry and other berries [6–9]. Anthocyanin consist of the anthocyanidin aglycone plus one or more glycosides. To date, studies of the anticancer mechanisms of anthocyanins have focused on the anthocyanidin aglycon
Data Loading...
