Going to War British Debates from Wilberforce to Blair

Going to War overturns conventional views of the role of public opinion, the armed forces, parliamentarians, NGOs and writers in the formation of British debates about impending wars. It shows the pressures and the reasons which have led to Britain's invo

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Philip Towle

Going to War

Also by Philip Towle DEMOCRACY AND PEACEMAKING: Negotiations and Debates, 1815–1973 ENFORCED DISARMAMENT FROM THE NAPOLEONIC CAMPAIGNS TO THE GULF WAR FROM ALLY TO ENEMY: Anglo-Japanese Military Relations, 1904–45 TEMPTATIONS OF POWER: The United States in Global Politics after 9/11 (With Robert J. Jackson)

Going to War British Debates from Wilberforce to Blair Philip Towle Centre of International Studies, University of Cambridge, UK

© Philip Towle 2009

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-57334-5 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-0-230-23793-3 ISBN 978-0-230-23431-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230234314 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Towle, Philip, 1945– Going to war : British debates from Wilberforce to Blair / Philip Towle. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Great Britain—Military policy—Public opinion. 2. War—Public opinion—Great Britain—History. 3. War and society—Great Britain— History. 4. Civil–military relations—Great Britain—History. 5. Public opinion—Great Britain—History. I. Title. UA647.T68 2009 355 .033541—dc22 2008053018 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09

To those who first inspired my interest in history: D. J. Porritt, D. Dupree, D. S. Heesom and S. D. Londsborough.

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Contents

Preface

viii

Abbreviations

ix

Introduction

1

1 Culture and Circumstance

11

2 The Anglican Chu