Google Earth Engine for concurrent flood monitoring in the lower basin of Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra plains
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Google Earth Engine for concurrent flood monitoring in the lower basin of Indo‑Gangetic‑Brahmaputra plains Preet Lal1 · Aniket Prakash1 · Amit Kumar1 Received: 2 August 2020 / Accepted: 14 August 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The present study focused on the recent flood inundation (July 2020) that occurred in the lower Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra plains (IGBP) using concurrent C-band Sentinel-1A Synthetic Aperture Radar images in Google Earth Engine. The study exhibited that a substantial proportion of IGBP (40,929 km2) was inundated primarily in Bangladesh (9.09% of the total inundation), Assam (8.99%), and Bihar (6.29%) during June–July 2020. The severe impact of flood inundation was observed in croplands (4.41% of the total cropland), followed by settlements (20.98% of the total settlements) that affected a large population (~ 10,046,262) in IGBP. The prevailing COVID-19 pandemic has debilitated the efforts of mitigation and responses to flooding risks. The study necessitates adopting an integrated, multi-hazard, multi-stakeholder approach with an emphasis on self-reliance of the community for sustenance with local resources and practices. Keywords Sentinel 1A · SAR · Flood hazard · Risk
1 Background Recurrent flooding in the Indian sub-continent has prevalent phenomena in the last few years due to the increased frequency of high erratic and anomalous precipitation (Tanoue et al. 2016). It has devastating effects in Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra plains (IGBP) due to the increased severity in terms of loss of lives and property (Kale 2003). The Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers in the lower basin of IGBP bring an enormous volume of water that leads to recurrent flooding approximately every year (Mohanty et al. 2020). The higher melting of glaciers in the central and the eastern Himalayan region, coupled with a sudden decrease in river bed slope, and the torrential precipitation during the Indian summer monsoon, intensify the run-off in the downstream and causes annual flooding (Dimri * Amit Kumar [email protected]; [email protected] Preet Lal [email protected] Aniket Prakash [email protected] 1
Department of Geoinformatics, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi 835205, India
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and Allen 2020). The land-use alterations, increased soil erosion, increased siltation in the river, and growth of human settlements in low-lying areas augmented the flood severity many folds (Mullan et al. 2019). It has been reported that floods in India caused damage to over a billion US$ from 1993 to 2018 (Nagar 2018), due to high climatic extremes coupled with increased anthropogenic influences (Milly et al. 2002). In 2020, several districts (149 in India and 64 in Bangladesh) in the lower basin of IGBP (including Bihar, Assam, West Bengal in India, and in entire Bangladesh) were on high alert due to a rise in the level of water above the danger mark simultaneously with heavy and incessant rains (CWC 2020). Later, the region observed the devastating
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