Graphite/gold nanoparticles electrode for direct protein attachment: characterization and gas sensing application

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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Graphite/gold nanoparticles electrode for direct protein attachment: characterization and gas sensing application Javad Shabani Shayeh 1 & Yahya Sefidbakht 1 & Meisam Omidi 1 & Fatemeh Yazdian 2 & Lobat Tayebi 3,4 Received: 3 April 2020 / Accepted: 27 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract In this work, graphite/gold nanoparticles (G/AuNPs) were synthesized through a facile chemical method, and its potential application for direct protein attachment for electrochemical detection of carbon monoxide (CO) was investigated. The preparation of G/AuNPs electrodes was optimized by synthesizing the nanoparticles in different concentration of HAuCl4.3H2O at various temperatures. The G/AuNPs electrode was subsequently modified by four types of mercaptopropionic acid, including 1-mercaptopropionic, 3mercaptopropionic, 6-mercaptopropionic, and 11-mercaptopropionic acid, to achieve the best structure for protein attachment. Visible absorption and electrochemical studies showed that 3-mercaptopropionic acid possesses the best performance regarding the electrical conductivity between electrode and protein redox center. The cyclic voltammetry results revealed that the modified electrode has an appropriate performance for CO detection at very low concentrations while keeping a linear response. The limit of detection for the modified electrode was calculated to be about 0.2 ppb. Finally, the interactions of cytochrome C and carbon monoxides were simulated using molecular dynamics (MD), and the effect of protein conformation changes on the electrochemical signal was thoroughly examined. The simulation results suggested that the proposed electrochemical sensor has an acceptable performance for the detection of CO due to less fluctuation of amino acids near the protein chain in the presence of CO molecules. Keywords Graphite electrode . Au nanoparticles . Cytochrome C . Carbon monoxide . Electrochemical biosensor . Molecular dynamics

Introduction CO is a hazardous material that has many threats for human beings, even in low concentrations. For instance, exposure to CO may result in the reduction of oxygen carrying in blood Responsible Editor: Lotfi Aleya * Javad Shabani Shayeh [email protected] * Meisam Omidi [email protected] 1

Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Velenjak, Tehran, Iran

2

Faculty of New Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

3

Department of Developmental Sciences, Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA

4

Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK

(Kakaei 2017; Mofenson et al. 1984). Inhaling CO at the concentration of 9 ppm for 8 h or 25 ppm for an hour is fatal (Weaver 1999). Therefore, fast and facile detection of CO at low concentrations is very imperative (Dolan 1985). Up to now, many efforts have been devoted to develop sensors for detection of CO through various techniques such as optical (Zayasu et al. 1997), electrical (Savage et al. 2001