Green Energy Basic Concepts and Fundamentals
The Progress in Green Energy series explores the evolution of green energy systems for sustainable development and energy security. It focuses on the development of new technologies which enable the provision of energy with minimal negative effects on soc
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Xianguo Li Editor
Green Energy Basic Concepts and Fundamentals
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Prof. Xianguo Li University of Waterloo Department of Mechanical Engineering 200 University Avenue West Waterloo Ontario Canada N2L 3G1 [email protected]
ISSN 2191-561X e-ISSN 2191-5628 ISBN 978-1-84882-646-5 e-ISBN 978-1-84882-647-2 DOI 10.1007/978-1-84882-647-2 Springer London Dordrecht Heidelberg New York British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2011932467 © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011 Elimanure™ is a trademark of Skill Associates, Inc., W712 County Hwy UU Kaukauna, WI 54130, USA, http://www.burnmanure.com/ Nafion® is a registered trademark of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, http://www.dupont.com/ Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. Cover design: eStudioCalamar, Girona/Berlin Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
Energy has become the prime commodity in modern civilization, and the amount of energy consumption has become the indicator for the standard of living and the degree of industrialization. It has long been recognized that associated with excessive energy use is the adverse impact on the environment, economy, and society, from local air and water pollution to the threat of global warming (the mean temperature increase around the globe) and climate variability (the temperature fluctuations around the mean); and from the economic difficulties arising from the rapid increase and swings in energy prices to the international tensions and geopolitics arising from access to and distribution of energy resources. The sustainable development of humanity and the economy with security of energy has topped national agendas around the world. It is imperative to develop energy strategies, policies, and technologies to achieve this objective through an energy system(s) that have no observable (or net) negative impact on environment, economy, and society – such energy systems are being referred to as green energy (systems)
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