Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles by Fungi: Current Trends and Challenges
The approaches for synthesis of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) through green chemistry methods have become a recent trend of studies that focus on sustainability and innovation. Fungi are among the many groups of living organisms that have been known as usefu
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Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles by Fungi: Current Trends and Challenges Luciano Paulino Silva, Cínthia Caetano Bonatto, and Vera Lúcia Perussi Polez Abstract The approaches for synthesis of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) through green chemistry methods have become a recent trend of studies that focus on sustainability and innovation. Fungi are among the many groups of living organisms that have been known as useful for the synthesis of MNPs and there are many advantages of their use over other organisms since this group is directly or indirectly dependent of metals to its growth, metabolism and differentiation. They share efficient mechanisms of tolerance to high metal concentrations, being considered an important source of molecules able to transform metal ions into MNPs. The MNPs synthesis by fungi can be intracellular or extracellular and the latter is the most used because fungi secrete high amounts and diversity of enzymes making the process of synthesis sustainable, reliable, versatile and scalable. Indeed, the MNPs synthesis by fungi can use gold, silver, copper, iron, cadmium, nickel and others. However, the mechanisms of MNPs synthesis using fungi are not fully understood. The MNPs synthesis by fungi relies on many factors including biological material (e.g. species and/or strains; cultivation and sample preparation) and reaction conditions (e.g. metal species content and concentration; pH; temperature; and time of incubation) being necessary new strategies to improve the reproducibility of the processes. In the future, MNPs synthesized by fungi and their parts thereof can have unprecedented novel applications to several areas such as medical, agricultural and environmental.
L.P. Silva (*) • C.C. Bonatto Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology (LNANO), Nanotechnology and Synthetic Biology Group, Brasilia 70770-917, DF, Brazil Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] V.L.P. Polez Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Prospection of Bioactive Compounds (LPCB), Bioactive Compounds Group, Brasilia 70770-917, DF, Brazil © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 R. Prasad (ed.), Advances and Applications Through Fungal Nanobiotechnology, Fungal Biology, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-42990-8_4
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Abbreviations Ag-MNPs Au-MNPs CdS CdS-NPs CFE Cu-MNPs MNPs NiO-MNPs QD
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Silver nanoparticles Gold nanoparticles Cadmium sulfide Cadmium sulfide nanoparticles Cell free extract Copper nanoparticles Metal nanoparticles Nickel oxide nanoparticles Quantum dots
Green Nanotechnology as a Sustainable Approach
Green nanotechnology is the application of green chemistry, green engineering, and sustainability principles to eliminate or at least minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances in the nanotechnology field (Albrecht et al. 2006; Schmidt 2007; Nath and Benerjee 2013). There are an unlimited number of oppor
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