Groundwater quality evaluation using Shannon information theory and human health risk assessment in Yazd province, centr
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Groundwater quality evaluation using Shannon information theory and human health risk assessment in Yazd province, central plateau of Iran Vahab Amiri 1
&
Salahaddin Kamrani 2,3 & Arslan Ahmad 4,5,6 & Prosun Bhattacharya 5,7 & Javad Mansoori 8
Received: 5 May 2020 / Accepted: 3 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study aims to evaluate the quality of groundwater in the most arid province of Iran, Yazd. It is highly dependent on groundwater resources to meet the domestic, industrial, and agricultural water demand. Position of water samples on the modified Gibbs diagram demonstrates that the interaction with silicates and the increase in direct cation exchange are responsible for the increased salinity of groundwater. Based on entropy theory, the decreasing order of importance of variables in controlling groundwater chemistry is Fe > As > Ba > Hg > NO2 > Pb > K > Cl > Na > Mg > SO4 > NO3 > HCO3 > Ca. The results of entropy weighted water quality index (EWWQI) calculation show that about 34 and 32% of 206 samples in the wet and dry seasons, respectively, are classified as extremely poor quality (ranks 4 and 5). Approximately 60 and 55% of 206 samples in wet and dry seasons, respectively, have excellent, good, and medium quality (ranks 1, 2, and 3). The non-carcinogenic human health risk (NHHR) from intake and dermal contact pathways using deterministic approach show that 36 and 17 samples in both seasons are not suitable for drinking by children. Furthermore, 9 and 2 samples are not suitable for drinking by adults. The results show that children are more vulnerable than adults to these health risks. The non-carcinogenic risks through dermal contact were negligible. Keywords Groundwater quality . Multivariate analysis . EWWQI . Health risk . Yazd province
Introduction Water is one of the natural resources most harvested on Earth (Ruiz-Pico et al. 2019). In areas without surface water flows, groundwater is the only source of human water supply
(Bhattacharya and Bundschuh 2015; Leduc et al. 2017; Duraisamy et al. 2018; Wang et al. 2019; Wu et al. 2020). It supplies more than 50% of the world’s drinking water demand (Erickson et al. 2019). Due to climate change, precipitation and associated groundwater recharge is decreasing in arid and
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10362-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Vahab Amiri [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
2
Deputy for Technology Innovation and Commercialization Development, VPST, Tehran, Iran
3
Department of Applied Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
4
SIBELCO Ankerpoort NV, Op de Bos 300, EP 6223 Maastricht, The Netherlands
5
KWR Water Cycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
6
Depar
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