Evaluation of groundwater geochemical characteristics and quality in the central and Northern Shaanxi Province, China
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Evaluation of groundwater geochemical characteristics and quality in the central and Northern Shaanxi Province, China Hui Yan1 • Jun Xiao2,3 • Ting Liu4 • Yujie Liu2
Received: 28 May 2020 / Revised: 14 July 2020 / Accepted: 4 August 2020 Ó Science Press and Institute of Geochemistry, CAS and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Groundwater is of vital importance to many aspects of ecosystem services, especially in the central and northern Shaanxi Provence, China,— an area covered by loess deposits and short of water resources. We studied the solute geochemistry and water quality of groundwater in this area to improve the understanding of hydrogeochemical processes in loess deposits area. The results showed that the average pH of groundwaters was 8.03 ± 0.36 (1 SD) with large ranges (324 - 83,379 mg/L) of the total dissolved solids (TDS). The cations and anions followed the order of Na? [ Ca2? [ Mg2? [ K? [ SiO2 and 2HCO[ F- [ NO3-. Most groundwa3 [ Cl [ SO4 ter samples show the HCO3-–Na?–Ca2? water type and a small number of samples the Na?–Cl- type. Irrigation water quality assessments showed that 40% of the groundwater has good water quality, 42% moderate water quality, and 18% (the upper reaches of Wuding River and Wei River) poor water quality with very high salinity. About 40% of groundwater samples were not suitable for drinking due to the high TDS, fluoride, sulfide, and chloride. Gibbs plot and stoichiometry analysis showed that carbonate weathering is the main source of groundwater
& Jun Xiao [email protected] 1
College of Urban–Rural Planning and Landscape Architecture, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
3
CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi’an 710061, China
4
College of Geomatics, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
chemistry in central Shaanxi Province while evaporite dissolution dominates in northern Shaanxi Provence. The loess weathering significantly influences the dissolved solutes of groundwater in the Loess Plateau. The ion-exchange between Mg2? and Ca2? in groundwater and Na? in clay minerals and the deposition of carbonate minerals increased Na? but decreased the Ca2? in groundwater. Our research results improve our understanding of hydrogeochemical processes that affect the solutes chemistry of groundwater in the loess area and provide essential data to the global groundwater database. Keywords Geochemical characteristics Hydrochemical process Groundwater quality Central and northern Shaanxi
1 Introduction Groundwater is a vital natural resource, which plays a vital role in the ecosystem services in semi-arid and arid regions (Currell et al. 2012; Han et al. 2016; El Alfy et al. 2017; Wang et al. 2019). In the case of water deficiency and pollution, groundwater becomes a more precious water resource (Cao et al. 2019; Li et al.
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