Groundwater Recharge from Run-Off, Infiltration and Percolation
Groundwater constitute the most important reservoir of available clean water. Due to its overexploitation, some anthropogenic mismanagement on the surface and the overloading of the cleanup potential of subsurface, many of the groundwater systems used for
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Water Science and Technology Library VOLUME 55
Editor-in-Chief V.P. Singh, Texas A&M University, College Station, U.S.A. Editorial Advisory Board M. Anderson, Bristol, U.K. L. Bengtsson, Lund, Sweden J. F. Cruise, Huntsville, U.S.A. U. C. Kothyari, Roorkee, India S. E. Serrano, Philadelphia, U.S.A. D. Stephenson, Johannesburg, South Africa W. G. Strupczewski, Warsaw, Poland
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
GROUNDWATER RECHARGE FROM RUN-OFF, INFILTRATION AND PERCOLATION by
K.-P. SEILER GSF National Research Centre, Neuherberg, Germany
and
J.R. GAT Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-1-4020-5305-4 (HB) ISBN 978-1-4020-5306-1 (e-book)
Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com
Cover Graph: Discharge is generated by precipitation excess and transforms along interfaces into flow components with different turn-over-times and flow directions;. Overland- and inter-flow move both in lateral surface, respectively subsurface directions and have short turn-over-times. In contrast, groundwater recharge percolates vertical down and reappears very delayed in the surface water. The quantitative influence of the above mentioned interfaces on discharge depends from many factors changing with seasons, wet and dry cycles, rain intersities and even during individual rain events.
Printed on acid-free paper
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PREFACE
Life on continents depends on the availability of fresh-water. Hence, preferred sites for human settlements were situated close to springs, rivers, or shallow groundwater resources, and it was accepted at the dawn of mankind that the local social and economic development was limited by the natural available water resources in a quantity and quality sense; any shortage in the availability of water stimulated people to migrate. With the growing earth population and during the industrial age, water availability reached a new dimension: By technical means, water became everywhere available by drilling and piping and in more recent times also by low cost desalination methods. This seemingly ubiquitous water availability let in many areas of the world to an overexploitation of water resources often with the consequence of a deterioration of fresh-water quality by salt water intrusions from deep aquifers and in coastal areas from the sea, or by subsidence, which changed hydraulic properties of aquifer systems. These adverse developments have always a transient character; this means the hydrau
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