Growth regulation by amino acid transporters in Drosophila larvae
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Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
REVIEW
Growth regulation by amino acid transporters in Drosophila larvae Gérard Manière1 · Georges Alves1 · Martine Berthelot‑Grosjean1 · Yael Grosjean1 Received: 23 September 2019 / Revised: 27 March 2020 / Accepted: 20 April 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Drosophila larvae need to adapt their metabolism to reach a critical body size to pupate. This process needs food resources and has to be tightly adjusted to control metamorphosis timing and adult size. Nutrients such as amino acids either directly present in the food or obtained via protein digestion play key regulatory roles in controlling metabolism and growth. Amino acids act especially on two organs, the fat body and the brain, to control larval growth, body size developmental timing and pupariation. The expression of specific amino acid transporters in fat body cells, and in the brain through specific neurons and glial cells is essential to activate downstream molecular signaling pathways in response to amino acid levels. In this review, we highlight some of these specific networks dependent on amino acid diet to control DILP levels, and by consequence larval metabolism and growth. Keywords Neuron · Glia · Physiology · Molecular signal · Insulin producing cells · LAT1
Introduction To grow and to survive, animals must constantly adapt to their environment where they have to find all the essential components they need such as water, oxygen, and food. In particular, they must find in their diet all the elements necessary to cover their daily nutritional needs and to develop. To ensure an optimal supply of nutrients, animals constantly adjust their food intake to their nutritional status [1]. The ingested food is broken down during digestion into various nutrients such as fatty acids, sugars and amino acids, which are essential for energy production and cellular functioning, division, growth and renewal [2–4]. Among these, essential amino acids are key nutrients that animals cannot synthesize and need to find from their food [5]. Most amino acids also represent signaling molecules that control animal metabolism. They need to be finely regulated to assess vital requirements such as energy balance, protein synthesis, and cell and Gérard Manière and Georges Alves are co-first authors. * Gérard Manière gerard.maniere@u‑bourgogne.fr * Yael Grosjean yael.grosjean@u‑bourgogne.fr 1
Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
tissue development [1]. In Drosophila, growth occurs during four morphologically distinct developmental forms: embryo, larva (three instar stages), pupa, and adult. The most important body size increase prevails during third larval instar. This spectacular growth is concluded when a critical weight is reached, which mobilizes hormonal signals such as PTTH, ecdysone, juvenile hormone, and insulin-like peptides [6–9]. As a consequence, larvae must eat a lot during this third instar to gain weight. This review w
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