Guide to Process Based Modeling of Lakes and Coastal Seas
Mounting concern about the influence of humans on climate and environmental conditions has increased the need for multi-disciplinary modeling efforts, including systems such as oceans, costal seas, lakes, land surfaces, ice, rivers and atmosphere. This un
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Anders Omstedt
Guide to Process Based Modeling of Lakes and Coastal Seas
Published in association with
Praxis Publishing Chichester, UK
Professor Anders Omstedt Department of Earth Science, Oceanography University of Gothenburg Go¨teborg Sweden
SPRINGER–PRAXIS BOOKS IN GEOPHYSICAL SCIENCES SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: Philippe Blondel, C.Geol., F.G.S., Ph.D., M.Sc., F.I.O.A., Senior Scientist, Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, UK
Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extra.springer.com ISBN 978-3-642-17727-9 e-ISBN 978-3-642-17728-6 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-17728-6 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011922056 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project management: OPS Ltd, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk, UK Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science þ Business Media (www.springer.com)
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ix
Foreword by Urban Svensson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreword by Jo¨rgen Sahlberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xi xiii
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . List of figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xv xvii
List of tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xxi
List of abbreviations and acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xxiii
1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
2
Background physics and biogeochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Conservation principles and governing equations . 2.2 Physical aspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Simplifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Water masses and water pools . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 Strait flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 Water and salt balances . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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