Gut Microbiota and IL-17A: Physiological and Pathological Responses
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Gut Microbiota and IL-17A: Physiological and Pathological Responses Banafsheh Douzandeh-Mobarrez 1,2 & Ashraf Kariminik 1
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2017
Abstract IL-17A is a cytokine which is produced by several immune and non-immune cells. The cytokine plays dual roles from protection from microbes and protection from proinflammatory based diseases to induction of the proinflammatory based diseases. The main mechanisms which lead to the controversial roles of IL-17A are yet to be clarified. Gut microbiota (GM) are the resident probiotic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tracts which have been introduced as a plausible regulator of IL-17A production and functions. This review article describes the recent information regarding the roles played by GM in determination of IL-17A functions outcome. Keywords Gut microbiota . IL-17A . Pro-inflammatory-based diseases
Introduction Gut contains trillions of bacteria which are known as the gut microbiota (GM) [1]. GM has various ranges of number and diversity in the different anatomical areas and contains four main bacterial phyla including Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes with Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia [1, 2]. Dietary habitats, social behaviors, sanitation age, sex, and genetics play important roles in * Ashraf Kariminik [email protected] 1
Department of Microbiology, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
2
Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
shaping the structure and also function of the microbiota [3]. Additionally, the components of intestinal microbial ecosystem can be affected by several factors such as antimicrobial drugs and vaccination [4]. The human GM harbors various and abundant microbes which participate in making a complex ecological system to interact with host factors [5]. Accordingly, GM plays key roles in induction of normal functioning of the intestine, production of some essential nutrients (such as vitamin K, short-chain fatty acids, and essential amino acids), protection against pathogens (via several mechanisms including competition with pathogens on nutrients and place), maintaining the intestinal epithelium integrity, degradation of bile acids and plant mucin, regulation of host fat storage, and also modulation of immune responses [6–9]. Based on the interactions of GM with immune system of the hosts, it has been hypothesized that the complex component and disruption (dysbiosis) can be associated with several immune-related diseases such as autoimmune and allergic diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), central nervous system-related diseases, obesity, and diabetes [1, 5, 10]. Autoimmune diseases are a category of disorders in which the immune system targets the host self-antigens and may lead to damage or alter functions of tissue/cell containing the antigens [11, 12]. As mentioned previously, GM plays crucial roles in the modulation of immune responses and, hence, may
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