Gut microbiota composition in relation to intake of added sugar, sugar-sweetened beverages and artificially sweetened be
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ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION
Gut microbiota composition in relation to intake of added sugar, sugar‑sweetened beverages and artificially sweetened beverages in the Malmö Offspring Study Stina Ramne1 · Louise Brunkwall1 · Ulrika Ericson1 · Nicola Gray2 · Gunter G. C. Kuhnle3 · Peter M. Nilsson1 · Marju Orho‑Melander1 · Emily Sonestedt1 Received: 22 April 2020 / Accepted: 21 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Purpose It has been suggested that a high intake of sugar or sweeteners may result in an unfavorable microbiota composition; however, evidence is lacking. Hence, in this exploratory epidemiological study, we aim to examine if intake of added sugar, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) or artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) associate with the gut microbiota composition. Methods Participants (18–70 years) in the Malmö Offspring Study have provided blood, urine, and fecal samples and completed both web-based 4 day food records and short food frequency questionnaires. The gut microbiota was assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing, processed in QIIME and matched to Greengenes (v.13.8), giving 64 included genera after filtering. Intake of added sugar (n = 1371) (also supported by the overnight urinary sugar biomarker in a subgroup n = 577), SSBs (n = 1086) and ASBs (n = 1085) were examined as exposures in negative binomial regressions. Results Various genera nominally associated with intake of added sugar, SSBs, and ASBs. Only the negative association between SSB intake and Lachnobacterium remained significant after multiple testing correction. A positive association between SSB intake and the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio was also observed. Conclusion In this wide population, the cross-sectional associations between added sugar and sweet beverage intake and the gut microbiota are modest, but the results suggest that SSB intake is associated negatively with the genus Lachnobacterium and positively with the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio. Larger studies, preferably using metagenomic sequencing, are needed to further evaluate if a link exists between intake of sugars and sweeteners and the human gut microbiota. Keywords Gut microbiota · Added sugar · Urinary sugars biomarker · Sugar-sweetened beverages · Artificially sweetened beverages
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-020-02392-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Stina Ramne [email protected] 1
Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
2
Center of Computational and Systems Medicine, Australian National Phenome Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
3
Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Abbreviations 4DFR 4 Day food record ASB Artificially sweetened beverage BMI Body mass index FDR False discovery rate FFQ Food frequency questionnaire MOS Malmö offspring study PAL Physical acti
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