Halloysite Nanotubes for Nanomedicine: Prospects, Challenges and Applications
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Halloysite Nanotubes for Nanomedicine: Prospects, Challenges and Applications Swatantra Kumar Singh Kushwaha 1
&
Neelottama Kushwaha 1 & Piyush Pandey 1 & Bushra Fatma 1
Accepted: 15 October 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Recently, naturally occurring and abundantly available halloysite nanoclay has emerged as a nanomaterial carrier system suitable for both controlled and sustained delivery. These aluminosilicate tubes of 50-nm diameter, with outer silica and inner alumina layers, possess a tubular structure, with excellent features such as large aspect ratio, good biocompatibility, and high mechanical strength entails them to be suitable for drug delivery. The unique features of these nanotubes are the ability to load DNA and enzyme due to opposite charges on both inner and outer surfaces which allow selective drug loading on both surfaces. This review article emphasizes on the drug loading techniques with release characteristics and some important applications in biomedical, environmental fields, and different types of medication. Being most versatile, these nanotubes can be used widely as a carrier system for enzyme bases and different types of the nucleus which can be a most promising step for novel drug delivery systems. Keywords Halloysite . Nanotube . Drug . Loading . Biomedical . Applications
1 Introduction Nanoparticles have multifarious attributes, such as large surface area, high surface reactivity, and relatively economical. Nanoparticles also enhanced mechanical and thermal performance of polymers that leads to the enhancement of bioactivities and conductivity with flame retardancy, and sensitivities to some special substance [1, 2]. Amid various nanoparticles, particles with large aspect ratio, high strength, and relatively lower density of one dimension (1D) tube-like nanofiller have attracted the interest of researchers. The typical example of tubular particles used for polymer composite applications is a carbon nanotube (CNT) which can enhance the strength, toughness, modulus, and conductivity of polymers [3]. However, the dispersion of CNTs into the polymer matrix is still a challenge due to which its production cost is very expensive. Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) fabricated from natural clay deposits overcome the above limitations and have benefits of being economical and environment-friendly; however,
* Swatantra Kumar Singh Kushwaha [email protected] 1
Department of Pharmacy, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur 209305, India
their morphology resembles CNT [4, 5]. Halloysite is one of the clay materials which belong to the kaolinite group with empirical formula, Al2Si2O5 (OH)4 [6]. However, the key feature of halloysite lies in its structure and morphology that has a water molecule between the halloysite layers [7]. Based on the same its two forms are: the hydrated one with basal spacing close to 1 nm called “Halloysite (10 Å )” and the dehydrated one with basal spacing 0.72 nm known as “Halloysite-(7 Å )” concerni
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