Halogen content relative to the chemical and biochemical composition of fifteen marine macro and micro algae: nutritiona
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Halogen content relative to the chemical and biochemical composition of fifteen marine macro and micro algae: nutritional value, energy supply, antioxidant potency, and health risk assessment Gehan M. El Zokm 1 & Mona M. Ismail 1
&
Ghada F. El-Said 1
Received: 6 April 2020 / Accepted: 9 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Marine algae have made a strong contribution to global food security in the future. This study is the first report describing the concentration, pathways, and interactions of halogens in 15 species of marine algae collected from the Eastern Harbor in Alexandria, Egypt, relative to 22 key variables. The relationship between halogen content and chemical and biochemical parameters was studied through multivariate analysis. Among all the tested algae, the iodine content was the lowest (2.53–3.00 μg/g). The range of fluoride and chloride in macroalgae (1.12–1.70 and 0.10–0.46 mg/g) was smaller than that of microalgae (0.10–0.46 and 1.48– 3.17 mg/g). The bromide content in macroalgae (0.36–5.45 mg/g) was higher than that in microalgae (0.40–0.76 mg/g). The halogen content in macroalgae was arranged in the order of Br > F > Cl > I. In addition, the biochemical parameters such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and certain heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb, Ni, Co, Cd, and Cr) were determined. Calories, energy, total antioxidant activity (TAC), K/Na, and ion quotient amounts were estimated. The results showed that the green seaweed species had the highest TAC content. In most of the studied algal species, the calculated ion quotient referred to their likelihood of overcoming high blood pressure. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of algae showed no adverse effects on human health. Most of the research variables are below the acceptable WHO/FAO level. Generally, the calorie content of the selected algae is less than 2 kcal, which makes the algae considered an alternative source of healthy food to reduce obesity. Keywords Seaweed . Microalgae . Taxonomical identification . Estimated daily intake . Multiple regression analysis
Introduction Algae are photosynthetic autotrophs and can be classified as microalgae or macroalgae according to their size (Rao and Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues Highlights - Chemotaxonomic study of 15 marine algal species was conducted. - Levels of 26 parameters included four halogens were illustrated. - Multiple regression analysis was used to give deep insights into pathways and interactions between the studied parameters. - Calories, energy, TAC, K/Na, ion quotient, EDI, and halogen ratio were estimated. * Mona M. Ismail [email protected] 1
National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Alexandria, Egypt
Mantri 2006). They preserve food during the life cycle and are regarded as the main producers of the ecosystem. In addition, algae can be distinguished mainly based on their pigments (Yang and Zhang 2008). There are eight main branches of algae in the world, which contain thousands of species
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