Handbook of the Solar-Terrestrial Environment
As a star in the universe, the Sun is constantly releas- cover a wide range of time and spatial scales, making ?? ing energy into space, as much as ?. ? ?? erg/s. Tis observations in the solar-terrestrial environment c- energy emission basically consists
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Handbook of the Solar-Terrestrial Environment
Yohsuke Kamide Abraham C.-L. Chian (Eds.)
Handbook of the Solar-Terrestrial Environment With 255 figures, including 63 color figures
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Yohsuke Kamide
Abraham C.-L. Chian
Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere Kyoto University Uji 611-0011 Japan
National Institute for Space Research (INPE) and World Institute for Space Environment Research (WISER) P. O. Box 515 São José dos Campos-SP 12227-010 Brazil
e-mail: [email protected]
e-mail: [email protected]
Library of Congress Control Number: 2007922927
ISBN 978-3-540-46314-6 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Book DOI: 10.1007/b104478
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover illustration: An example of a dramatic auroral display in the break-up region of an auroral substorm. What is not seen in the picture is the rapid variations in time and space that characterize auroral break-ups (courtesy of Torbjörn Lövgren, Swedish Institute of Space Physics).
Typesetting and Production: LE-TEX Jelonek, Schmidt & Vöckler GbR, Leipzig, Germany Cover: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany SPIN 11367758 55/3180/YL - 5 4 3 2 1 0 Printed on acid-free paper
Preface
As a star in the universe, the Sun is constantly releasing energy into space, as much as . erg/s. This energy emission basically consists of three modes. The first mode of solar energy is the so-called blackbody radiation, commonly known as sunlight, and the second mode of solar electromagnetic emission, such as X rays and UV radiation, is mostly absorbed above the Earth’s stratosphere. The third mode of solar energy emission is in the form of particles having a wide range of energies from less than keV to more than GeV. It is convenient to group these particles into lower-energy particles and higher-energy particles, which are referred to as the solar wind and solar cosmic rays, respectively. Ever since the solar system was formed about . billion years ago, the Sun has continuously irradiated Earth, making life on Earth possible. Gradually, an environment conducive to human life emerged. The space in the universe that surrou
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