Heavy metal pollution and mobility of sediment in Tajum River caused by artisanal gold mining in Banyumas, Central Java,
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Heavy metal pollution and mobility of sediment in Tajum River caused by artisanal gold mining in Banyumas, Central Java, Indonesia Wawan Budianta 1 Received: 15 May 2020 / Accepted: 5 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The heavy metals Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd in the stream sediment of the Tajum River were studied based on 12 sediment samples obtained from upstream to downstream. The artisanal mining activities in the study area generated mining processing waste (tailing) and are the primary source of heavy metal pollution. The samples were analyzed for metal concentration as well as metal mobility based on sequential extraction analysis. Heavy metal analysis for the concentration of the metals showed that the value of Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd in sediment samples transcends the mean crust. The change of the heavy metal concentrations in stream sediment between the upstream and downstream areas showed that higher levels were located near mining activities in upstream and that these decreased with distance to downstream. The result of the sequential extraction study revealed that Cu and Pb were more found in the exchangeable and carbonate fraction of about 26% and 24%. Meanwhile, Zn and Cd were present in the Fe– Mn oxide, an organic and residual fraction of about 90% and 85%, respectively. The mobility factor assessment revealed that the heavy metals investigated had an average mobility factor of 25.89%, 23.9%, 14.4 %, and 9.24% for Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd, respectively. Overall, Zn and Cd in sediment in the study area were less mobile compared with Cu and Pb. Keywords Heavy metals . Pollution . Mobility . River sediment . Artisanal . Mining
Introduction Indonesia has a high number of artisanal gold mining facilities (Aspinall 2001; Reilly et al. 2016), one of them located in the Paningkaban area of the Banyumas District in Central Java, Indonesia (Fig. 1). Artisanal mining processing activities in the study area include rock crushing, grinding, milling, and washing. This area is located in a hilly region and traversed by the Tajum River, which is used by residents as a source of irrigation water as well as for washing and bathing (Fig. 1). In the study area, the tailings are collected into small pits or ponds near to the processing plants. These ponds are built into the ground, and the processing waste goes directly into the river. Several studies indicated that artisanal gold mining
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Wawan Budianta [email protected] 1
Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Grafika 2 Kampus UGM, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
activities have negative effects on the environment, especially in aquatic systems located around the facility (Yolcubal et al. 2016; Li et al. 2011). The impact of mercury concentrations in river water and stream sediment in the study area was well documented in a previous investigation (Budianta et al. 2019). In addition to mercury contamination, the activities of artisan
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