Helium Cryogenics
Twenty five years have elapsed since the original publication of Helium Cryogenics. During this time, a considerable amount of research and development involving helium fluids has been carried out culminating in several large-scale projects. Furthermore,
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For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/6086
Steven W. Van Sciver
Helium Cryogenics Second Edition
Steven W. Van Sciver Florida State University Field Laboratory Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA [email protected]
ISBN 978-1-4419-9978-8 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-9979-5 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-9979-5 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011942902 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
To Mary, Travis and Courtenay
Preface First Edition
At least 10 years have elapsed since a comprehensive monograph concerned with the broad subject of cryogenics has been published. During this time a considerable quantity of research and development has been carried out in the field of cryogenics. Furthermore, there has been a certain degree of redirection of effort within the field, mostly driven by the variety of new applications, ranging from superconductive magnet systems to microelectronics. Greater emphasis is now being placed on lowtemperature cryogenics, particularly that of liquid helium. Until now cryogenic books have provided a broad survey of materials and fluid properties over the entire cryogenic regime, T≲120 K. This approach does not allow sufficient detail in any particular area to bring the reader to the current level of understanding in the subject. In addition, the behavior of helium has been lumped with that of other cryogenic fluids, although the properties of helium are in many cases quite unique. As a result, a clear relationship has not been established between the fundamental understanding of helium fluids and their potential applications. The present book has been written to fill this void. The approach is to survey the field of cryogenics, specifically as it pertains to helium fluids. This approach is more specialized than that contained in previous cryogenics books. Furthermore, the level of treatment is more advanced and a certain knowledge of fundamental engineering and physics principles has been assumed. Unlike previous books on liquid helium, the present treatment contains both engineering and physical descriptions. The goal throughout the work is to bridge the gap between the physics and engineering aspects of helium fluids t
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