High Energy Astrophysics An Introduction
High-energy astrophysics has unveiled a Universe very different from that only known from optical observations. It has revealed many types of objects in which typical variability timescales are as short as years, months, days, and hours (in quasars, X-ray
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G. B¨orner, Garching, Germany A. Burkert, M¨unchen, Germany W.B. Burton, Charlottesville, VA, USA and Leiden, The Netherlands A. Coustenis, Meudon, France M.A. Dopita, Canberra, Australia B. Leibundgut, Garching, Germany A. Maeder, Sauverny, Switzerland P. Schneider, Bonn, Germany V. Trimble, College Park, MD, and Irvine, CA, USA
For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/848
Thierry J.-L. Courvoisier
High Energy Astrophysics An Introduction
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Thierry J.-L. Courvoisier ISDC, Data Centre for Astrophysics University of Geneva Versoix Switzerland
ISSN 0941-7834 ISBN 978-3-642-30969-4 ISBN 978-3-642-30970-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-30970-0 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2012948762 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
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Preface
High-energy astrophysics is a very poorly defined field. The energy of the photons emitted by a system is neither a necessary nor a sufficient consideration to determine whether the study of the system should be part of high-energy astrophysics or not. Indeed many topics studied with radio astronomy techniques traditionally belong to high-energy astrophysics, while the interior of stars, where the temperature
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