Plasma Astrophysics

This well-illustrated monograph is devoted to classic fundamentals, current practice, and perspectives of modern plasma astrophysics. The first part is unique in covering all the basic principles and practical tools required for understanding and working

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ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY VOLUME 340

EDITORIAL BOARD Chairman W.B. BURTON, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A. ([email protected]); University of Leiden, The Netherlands ([email protected])

Executive Committee J. M. E. KUIJPERS, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen, The Netherlands E. P. J. VAN DEN HEUVEL, Astronomical Institute, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands H. VAN DER LAAN, Astronomical Institute, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands

MEMBERS F. Bertola, University of Padua, Italy; J.P. Cassinelli, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA; C.J. Cesarsky, European Southern Observatory, Garching bei München, Germany; P. Ehrenfreund, Leiden University, The Netherlands; O. Engvold, University of Oslo, Norway; A. Heck, Strasbourg Astronomical Observatory, France; E.P.J. van den Heuvel, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; V.M. Kaspi, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; J.M.E. Kuijpers, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands; H. van der Laan, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands; P.G. Murdin, Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, UK; F. Pacini, Istituto Astronomia Arcetri, Firenze, Italy; V. Radhakrishnan, Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India; B.V. Somov, Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, Russia; R.A. Sunyaev, Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia

PLASMA ASTROPHYSICS, PART I Fundamentals and Practice

BORIS V. SOMOV Moscow State University Moscow, Russia

Boris V. Somov Astronomical Institute And Faculty of Physics Moscow State University Moscow, Russia [email protected]

Cover illustration: Interaction of plasma with magnetic fields and light of stars creates many beautiful views of the night sky, like this one shown as the background – a part of the famous nebula IC434 located about 1600 light-years away from Earth and observed by the National Science Foundation’s 0.9-meter telescope on Kitt Peak. Photograph reproduced with kind permission from T.A.Rector (NOAO/AURA/NSF) and Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA?NASA). Library of Congress Control Number: 2006926924 ISBN-10: 0-387-34916-2 ISBN-13: 978-0387-34916-9 Printed on acid-free paper. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com

PLASMA ASTROPHYSICS 1. Fundamentals and Practice Boris V. Somov Astronomical Institute and Faculty of