High-entropy functional materials
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REVIEW This section of Journal of Materials Research is reserved for papers that are reviews of literature in a given area.
High-entropy functional materials Michael C. Gaoa),b) National Energy Technology Laboratory, Materials Engineering and Manufacturing Directorate, Albany, Oregon 97321, USA; and AECOM, Albany, Oregon 97321, USA
Daniel B. Miracleb) AF Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, USA
David Maurice National Energy Technology Laboratory, Materials Engineering and Manufacturing Directorate, Albany, Oregon 97321, USA
Xuehui Yan and Yong Zhang The State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 10083, People’s Republic of China
Jeffrey A. Hawk National Energy Technology Laboratory, Materials Engineering and Manufacturing Directorate, Albany, Oregon 97321, USA (Received 27 April 2018; accepted 15 August 2018)
While most papers on high-entropy alloys (HEAs) focus on the microstructure and mechanical properties for structural materials applications, there has been growing interest in developing high-entropy functional materials. The objective of this paper is to provide a brief, timely review on select functional properties of HEAs, including soft magnetic, magnetocaloric, physical, thermoelectric, superconducting, and hydrogen storage. Comparisons of functional properties between HEAs and conventional low- and medium-entropy materials are provided, and examples are illustrated using computational modeling and tuning the composition of existing functional materials through substitutional or interstitial mixing. Extending the concept of high configurational entropy to a wide range of materials such as intermetallics, ceramics, and semiconductors through the isostructural design approach is discussed. Perspectives are offered in designing future high-performance functional materials utilizing the high-entropy concepts and highthroughput predictive computational modeling. I. INTRODUCTION
Contrasted to traditional alloys that focus on the compositions on the boundaries (vertices, edges, or faces) of phase diagrams, high-entropy alloys (HEAs),1 or multiprincipal-element alloys (MPEAs),2 focus on compositions proximal to the center of multicomponent phase diagrams. The vast HEA composition space and resulting varying materials properties represent a scientifically challenging and technologically important research frontier for materials scientists and engineers to explore. Single-phase solid-solution HEAs3 [e.g., with the facecentered cubic (FCC), body-centered cubic (BCC), and hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structures] may have large configurational entropies, but they also have limited use since many applications require balanced properties. a)
Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] b) These authors contributed equally to this work. DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2018.323 J. Mater. Res., 2018
For example, structural materials often require multiple phases to achieve the r
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