High Temperature Mechanics, Friction, Wear and Adhesion of Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording
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ORIGINAL PAPER
High Temperature Mechanics, Friction, Wear and Adhesion of Heat‑Assisted Magnetic Recording Youfeng Zhang1 · Huan Tang2 · Andreas A. Polycarpou1 Received: 14 June 2020 / Accepted: 6 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The majority of data generated today is stored in magnetic storage hard disk drives (HDD) of enterprise-level data centers. The HDD industry is striving for higher areal density capacity to meet increasing demand for data storage. Heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) has been proposed as the next-generation technology that will bring revolutionary areal density gains. However, the technology comes with elevated temperature conditions and inevitably brings corresponding challenges to the head–disk interface (HDI). HDI high temperature tribology is the primary failure mode of HDDs and is discussed in the present work. Temperature dependence of mechanical properties, friction, wear and adhesion are reported based on experimental results from nanoindentation, nanoscratch, nanowear and adhesion experiments. The data reveals quantitative variations of Young’s modulus, hardness, coefficient of friction, and surface energy with temperature. In addition, XPS analysis is performed to measure chemical surface changes, and correlated with the nanomechanical findings.
* Andreas A. Polycarpou [email protected] 1
J. Mike Walker ’66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
Seagate Technology LLC, 47488 Kato Road, Fremont, CA 94538, USA
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Vol.:(0123456789)
109
Page 2 of 10
Tribology Letters
(2020) 68:109
Graphical Abstract
Keywords Heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) · High temperature tribology · Magnetic storage · Head–disk interface
1 Introduction The era in which we are living is generating exponentially growing amounts of data from the Internet of Things, smart phones, computers, cloud computing and other sources. It is predicted that the data created globally will increase from 33 zettabytes (ZB) in 2018 (1 ZB = 1021 bytes = 1 billion TB) to 175 ZB in 2025 [1]. It is forecasted that over 22 ZB of data storage capacity must ship across all media types from 2018 to 2025 to keep up with storage demands and around 59% of the capacity will need to come from hard disk drives, HDD [1]. To satisfy the growing demand, the HDD industry is looking for higher areal density and planning a roadmap from the current 1 terabyte per square inch (Tb/in.2) to 25 Tb/ in.2 in 2025 [2]. Efforts have been made to reduce the spacing between the head and the disk to achieve higher areal density for the current perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) technology since its introduction in 2006. However, as the head–media spacing has been reduced to a minimum (~ 5 nm), especially when the thermal protrusion is turned on during reading and writing [3, 4], tribology relevant
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reliability issues become more severe and the advancement for higher areal density is extremely challenging.
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