Higher urinary nitrate was associated with lower prevalence of congestive heart failure: results from NHANES
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Higher urinary nitrate was associated with lower prevalence of congestive heart failure: results from NHANES Zhuo Wu1†, Ting Tian2†, Wang Ma1* , Wen Gao1* and Ninghong Song1*
Abstract Background: Some studies have reported that nitrate intake from vegetables was inversely associated with many vascular diseases, but few studies have paid attention to the relationship between urinary nitrate and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This cross-sectional study aimed to explore the connections between urinary nitrate and prevalence of CVDs. Methods: The data of this study was collected from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Finally, several years’ data of NHANES were merged into 14,894 observations. Logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between urinary nitrate and CVDs by using the “survey” package in R software (version 3.2.3). Results: In the univariable logistic analysis, significant association was discovered between urinary nitrate and congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction (all P 70,600) by the interquartile. Both models were applied for the stratified analysis by genders and age groups (younger people age 20–60 years and older people age over 65 years) between CVDs and nitrate. All significance tests were two-sided with significant threshold of 0.05.
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Results General demographic information
14,894 participants were included in this study from 5 NHANES surveys. Demographic characteristics of all participants and different urinary nitrate groups were shown in Table 1. Genders had a balance of distribution which female accounted for 51.36%. The prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes were 32.86% (4883), 41.21% (4415) and 11.10% (1626) respectively. Participants with any of the congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina and myocardial infarction had lower urinary nitrate levels, demonstrated in Additional file 1: Table S1. Association between urinary nitrate and CVDs
To explore whether urinary nitrate levels were associated with any CVDs, logistic regression methods were used by conducting univariable and multivariable analyses. Pronounced association were found between urinary nitrate levels and prevalent congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction in the univariable logistic analysis (all P
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