History, Empathy and Conflict Heroes, Victims and Victimisers

This book argues that popular culture has been transformed in a silent revolution from emphasising history’s heroes to its victims. While city squares and stations were named in the nineteenth century after military victories, now the equivalent airports

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Philip Towle

History, Empathy and Conflict

Philip Towle

History, Empathy and Conflict Heroes, Victims and Victimisers

Philip Towle POLIS University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK

ISBN 978-3-319-77958-4    ISBN 978-3-319-77959-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77959-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018938662 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: Pattern adapted from an Indian cotton print produced in the 19th century Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Pivot imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

To Veronica who has been my support for the last 46 years

Acknowledgements

This book has benefitted greatly from the advice of friends and colleagues who devoted time and effort to reading my drafts, patiently answering my questions and recommending additional sources. In particular my thanks go to Christine Counsell, Peter and Ingrid Dixon, Ernest Gilman, Robert Jackson, John Kotch, James Mayall, Brendan Simms, Yoav Tenembaum, Simon Tustin and Arthur Williamson. It goes without saying that none of them is responsible for any single thing that I have written.

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Contents

1 Introduction   1

Part I  Heroes to Victims   7 2 The Victimised   9 3 From Heroes to Victims  21 4 A Gratitude Free Zone  39

Part II  Responses  49 5 ‘Memory Wars’ and National Apologies  51 6 Historical Education  67 7 Restitution  77

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Contents

Part III  Force and Memory  85 8 From Heroes to Victimisers  87 9 Memory as Guidance 103 10 Hiding Victimisation 115 11 2016: The Victory of Victimhood 127 Bibliography 139 Index 155

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Abstract  The Japanese

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